韩礼德的系统功能语法ppt课件.ppt

Halliday and Systemic-Functional Grammar,Contents,Brief Introduction,The Development of SFG,Systemic-Functional Grammar,Comparison between TGG and SFG,References,Brief Introduction,1.1 Halliday Full name: Michael Alexander Kirkwood Halliday (born 13,April 1925,Leeds, Yorkshire, England)got BA in Chinese language and literature at London Unversity in 1947.From 1947 to 1949, studied at Peking University under the supervision of Luo Changpei(罗常培).From 1949 to 1950, studied at Lingnan University in Guangzhou, tutored by Wang Li (王力).Then he came back to London and got his Ph.D degree under the surpervision of Firth.In 1955, doctoral dissertation “ the language of Chinese Serect History of the Mongols” (元朝秘史), written in a northern Chinese dialect in the 14th century.Taught linguistics at a number of universities in Britain and America. (London University & Standford University & The University of Exeter)In 1975, moved to Australia and founded the Department of Linguistics at University of Sydney, working there till his retirement in1988.,Halliday has developed ideas stemming from Firths Theories in the London School.He is probably the most important representative of the Systemic-Functional School.His Systemic-Functional Grammar has had great effect on various disciplines related to language, such as language teaching, sociolinguistics, discourse analysis, stylistics, and machine translation.,His Contributions,1.2 The Components of Systemic-Functional Grammar,Systemic-Functional Grammar,Systemic Grammar,Functional Grammar,It aims to explain the internal relations in language as a system network, or meaning potential.,It aims to reveal that language is a means of social interaction, based on the assumption that language system and the forms that makes it up are inescapably determined by the uses or functions which they serve.,1.3 The Basis of Systemic-Functional Grammar Language users are actually making choices in a system of systems and trying to realize different semantic functions in social interaction; Language is inseparable from social activities of man. Thus, it takes actual uses of language as the object of study, in opposition to Chomskys TG Grammar which takes the ideal speakers linguistic competence as the object of study.,The Development of SFG,2.1 The Initial Stage: 1950-1960(初期)2.2 The Stage of Scale and Category Grammar: 19602.3 The Stage of Establishment: 1970-1980（中期）2.4 The Stage of Innovation and Development: 1980-至今,Systemic-Functional Grammar,3.1 Systemic Grammar The central component of a systemic grammar is a chart of the full set of choices available in constructing a sentence, with a specification of the relationships between choices. Examples are:,Number,plural,singular,third,second,first,person,Discussion,There are also systems of gender, tense and so on. Can you write down their choices like number and person？Discuss with your partner about these systems and generalize essential characteristics of all systems.Can you judge the system is right or wrong? Why? declarative Mood interrogative third person,In systemic Grammar, the notion of system is made a central explanatory principle, the whole of language being conceived as a “system of systems”. Systemic Grammar is concerned with establishing a network of systems of relationships, which accounts for all the semantically relevant choices in the language as a whole. On a very general level, there is the Axis of Choice and the Axis of Chain:,Axis of Choice,Axis of Chain,Explanations: (1) The axis of chain deals with the surface aspects of grammar, such as sentence structures, linguistic units, and their ranks (sentence, clause, group, word, and morpheme). (2) The axis of choice deals with the meaning aspects of grammar, such as system and delicacy.,In English, we make choices between different types of processes, participants, and circumstances. They are known collectively as the transitivity choices. We first divide the choices into six kinds: material process (John kicked the ball.) behavioural process (John laughed.) mental process (John likes Mary.) verbal process (John said it is cold in the room.) relational process (John is on the sofa.) existential process (There is a cat on the sofa.),Transitivity,Transitivity,I like it.,The train left five minutes ago.,John kicked the ball.,Transitivity,material processmental process verbal process behavioural process .,Action process,Event process,Internalised process,Supervention process,Intention process,Externalised process,Cognition process,Reaction process,Perception process,It puzzled everybody.,We can arrange systems on a scale according to the fineness of the distinction. This scale is called scale of delicacy.,The delicacy of transitivity,When meanings are expressed, people are intentionally making choices in the system network. On this basis, choice is meaning. Halliday believes that there are realisation relationships between various levels. is coded by is realized by which is coded by The choice of meaning (on the semantic level) is realised by the choice of the form (on the level of lexico-grammar); the choice of the form is realised by the choice of substance on the phonological level.,Meaning,Wording,Semantics,Lexicogrammar (syntax),Sound (or Writing),Phonology,3.2 Functional Grammar Halliday believes that language is what it is because it has to serve certain functions. In other words, social demand on language has helped to shape its structure. He interprets language development from a functional point of view and formulates a functional theory of language.,Three Metafunctions,The Ideational Function,The Interpersonal Function,The Textual Function,3.2.1 The Ideational Function (1) It is to convey new information, to communicate a content that is unknown to the hearer. (2) It mainly consists of “transitivity” and “voice”. This function not only specifies the available options in meaning but also determines the nature of their structural realisations. For example, “John built a new house” can be analysed as a configuration of the function roles: Actor: John Process: Material: Creation: built Goal: Affected: a new house,(3),The Ideational Function,Voice 语态系统,Transitivity 及物性系统,Transitivity 及物性系统 In English, we make choices between different types of processes, participants, and circumstances. They are known collectively as the transitivity choices. The basic framework for the representation of process consists of three components: (1) the process itself, (2) Participants in the process, and (3) circumstances associated with the process. e.g. The birds are flying in the sky.,Transitivity,material process: processes of doing,behavioural process: processes of behaving,mental process: processes of sensing,verbal process: processes of saying,relational process: processes of being,existential process: processes of existing or happening,Material process: processes of doing,Such a process is expressed by an action verb (e. g. beat, break, kick), an Actor (logical subject) and the Goal of the action (logical direct subject, usually a noun or a pronoun). For example: (1) My brother broke the vase. Actor Process Goal (2) The vase was broken by my brother. Goal Process Actor (3) The dean cancelled the department meeting. Actor Process Goal,Mental process: processes of sensing,Mental processes fall into three types. They express such mental phenomena as perception (see, look), reaction (like, please) and cognition (know, believe, convince).A mental process involves two participants, Senser and Phenomenon. Examples are: (1) John saw the murderer. Senser Process Phenomenon (2) My sister likes the skirt. Senser Process Phenomenon (3) I know that she was absent. Senser Process Phenomenon,Relational process: processes of being,Relational processes can be classified into two types: the attributive and the identifying. The former expresses what attributes a certain object has, or what type it belongs to. The latter expresses the identical properties of two entities. These two relations can be further classified into the intensive, circumstantial, and possessive. Examples are: (1) E. E. Cummings is an American Poet. (Intensive) (2) The film lasted two hours. (Circumstantial; Temporal) (3) This bike is Johns. (Possessive),In an identifying relational processes, there is an Identifier and an Identified. For example: (1) The mans name is William Sydney Porter. Identified Process Identifier (2) Two times four equals eight. Identified Process Identifier,Verbal process: processes of saying,Verbal processes are those of exchanging information. Commonly used verbs are “say”, “tell”, “talk”, “praise”, “boast”, “describe”, etc. In this type of processes the participants are the sayer, receiver, and verbiage. For example: (1) My watch says that it is nine-thirty. (2) He asked me to write my name. (3) “Will you please remind me when time is up?” he asked. (4) He asked me if I could spare him some minutes.,The sayer is not necessarily a human being,The Receiver can also appear as a participant.,The verbiage may be a direct speech or an indirect speech.,Behavioural process: processes of behaving,Behavioural processes refer to physiological and psychological activities such as breathing, coughing, sighing, dreaming, crying, and laughing, etc. Generally only one participant, the behaver (often a human) is involved in these processes. Examples are: (1) The girl laughed heartily. Behaver Process Circumstancial (2) The old man sighed for the days of his youth. Behaver Process Circumstancial,Existential process: processes of existing or happening,Existential processes represent that something exists or happens, as in “ There is a little pig near the house.”, “ There seems to be a problem.”, etc.Verbs used in existential processes are “be”, “exist”, “arise”, etc. In every existential process, there is an existent. For example: (1) There is a new office building at the end of the road. (2) Does life exist on Mars?,Voice 语态系统,Clause as representation,Passive Process passiveBy: The glass was broken by the cat.,Active Process active The cat broke the glass.,Affective agent,middleProcess active The glass broke.,3.2.2 The Interpersonal Function (1)It embodies all uses of language to express social and personal relations. (2)This includes the various ways the speaker enter a speech situation and performs a speech act. (3),The Interpersonal Function,Mood 语气系统,Modality 情态系统,Speech Functions 话语功能,Mood 语气系统 (1) It is the selection by the speaker of a particular role in the speech situation, and his determination of the choice of roles for the addressee. It is made up of subject and finite, and the reminder of the clause is called residue( It has three functional elements: the predicator, Complement, and Adjunct). The subject can be a noun phrase, or a clause. For example:,(2),Declarative mood,Full declaratives(most 93.6%),Elliptical declaratives,Interrogative mood,Yes-no interrogative(for one polar questions),WH-interrogative (for content questions),Imperative mood,Functions,Purposes: goods or services,1. Asking for permission to do something.,2. Calling the audience and the speaker to do something together.,In English, the exclamative clauses are introduced by “what” or “how”. E.g. What a fine day it is!,Exclamative mood,Modality 情态系统 It is another major component of interpersonal function. According to Halliday, modality is a form of participation by the speaker in the speech event. It specifies if the speaker is expressing his judgment or making a prediction.,Modality,Inclination:Ill give you a hand.,Modality obligation:You should go now.,Usuality:She often went there.,Probablity:The child might be hers.,Modulation(goods & services),Modalization (information),Speech Functions话语功能,According to Halliday, of the various speech roles, two are the most basic: giving and demanding.In interpersonal communications, the commodities exchanged can also fall into two kinds: goods & services and information.Speech roles and commodities exchanged make up four principal speech functions: offer, command, statement, and question, as in the following table:,3.2.3 The Textual Function (1) It refers to the fact that language has mechanisms to make any stretch of spoken or written discourse into coherent and unified texts and make a living passage different from a random list of sentences. (2),The Textual Function,Cohesion 衔接系统,Information 信息系统,Theme 主位系统,Theme 主位系统 (1) It is about which gives the clause its character as a meaning. (2),Types of theme,Unmarked theme,Marked theme,Information 信息系统 Information, in its technical grammatical sense, is the tense between what is already known or predictable and what is new and unpredicable. Hence the information unit is a structure based on the function of the Given(已知信息) and the New (未知信息). In the idealized form each information unit consists of a Given element accompanied by the New.,According to Halliday, a sentence is the simultaneous realisation of ideational, interpersonal, and textual meanings.Example1:,Example 2:,Cohesion 衔接系统 (1) It is a concept to do with discourse or text rather than with syntax. It refers to relations of meaning that exists within the text, and define it as a text. (2) Textual cohesiveness can be realized mainly by two cohesive devices: Reference: A participant element introduced at one place in the text can be taken as a reference point for something that follows. E.g. He couldnt open the door. It was locked tight. Substitution: It is replacement of one linguistic item by another. E.g. - “Why couldnt you use your recorder?” - “I dont have one.”,Comparison between TGG and SFG,Discussion,Based on the comparison between TG Grammar and SF Grammar, discuss with your partner and try to conclude the features of SF Grammar.,References,1 刘润清, 封宗信, 语言学理论与流派,南京师范大学出版社，2004.2 刘润清, 文旭, 新编语言学教程, 外研社，2005.3 刘润清, 西方语言学流派（修订版）,外研社, 2013.4 朱永生, 系统功能语言学与转换生成语言学的主要差别, 外语研究,2002.5 胡壮麟, 朱永生, 张德禄, 系统功能语法概论, 湖南教育出版社, 1989.,Thanks for your listening!,