非谓语动词语法讲解之不定式ppt课件.pptx

非谓语动词 语法讲解,Non-finite,非谓语动词的类型:,Infinitive 不定式,Gerund 动名词,Participle 分词,Non-finite,Structure :,to be done,Infinitive:,to do,Negative (否定):,not to do,Passive voice:,1. 作主语,2. 作表语,3. 作宾语,4. 作宾语补足语,5. 作定语,6. 作状语,在句中承担的成分:,(1). 主语 Subject,不定式作主语时,往往放在谓语之后,用it作形式主语.,To get enough sleep at night is important.,It_.,It is adj. (for sb) to do sth.,It is + a pleasure/an honor/a pity to do.,It takes sb +time to do.,Non-finite,is important to get enough sleep at night,1 Itis形容词（表示人的性格品质） of sb to do2 Itis形容词（表示做某事是怎么样） for sb to do注（1）当形容词表示人的性格品质时，逻辑主语由of引出, 如：kind，nice, good, polite, clever, careful，careless， foolish， （2）当形容词表示做某事是怎么样时逻辑主语由for引出. 如： difficult, hard , easy, important, dangerous possible,1.吸烟对你来说是不好的。,It is not good for you to smoke.,2.和你一起共进晚餐很愉快。,It is a pleasure to have dinner with you.,It only took two years to complete the project.,3.完成这项工程只花了二年时间。,巩固练习1,(2). 表语 Predicative,My job,is,Your task _(努力学习).,is to study hard,Non-finite,To see is to believe.,to teach you English.,These days everyone wants to get rich fast.,(3) 宾语 Object,常用动词不定式作宾语的动词有:,fail, happen, mean, wish, hope, decide, refuse, offer, learn, agree，etc.,+ to do,Non-finite,like to do,manage to do,afford to do sth. 负担得起做某事agree to do sth. 同意做某事arrange to do sth.安排做某事attempt to do sth.试图做某事ask to do sth. 要求做某事beg to do sth. 请求做某事care to do sth. 想要做某事choose to do sth. 决定做某事decide to do sth. 决定做某事demand to do sth. 要求做某事determine to do sth. 决心做某事expect to do sth. 期待做某事,fail to do sth. 未能做某事fear to do sth. 害怕做某事happen to do sth. 碰巧做某事help to do sth. 帮助做某事hope to do sth. 希望做某事intend to do sth.打算/想要做某事learn to do sth. 学习做某事manage to do sth. 设法做某事mean to do sth. 打算做某事,offer to do sth. 主动提出做某事plan to do sth. 计划做某事prefer to do sth. 更喜欢做某事prepare to do sth. 准备做某事pretend to do sth. 假装做某事promise to do sth. 答应做某事refuse to do sth. 拒绝做某事want to do sth. 想要做某事wish to do sth. 希望做某事would like/love to do sth. 想要做某事,think considerfind make feel,形式宾语,4.我希望很快收到你的信。,I hope to hear from you soon.,5.我决定不留下来。,I decided not to stay.,6.学生们认为玩电脑游戏很有趣。,Students thought_.,7.她觉得没有没有必要和他辩论。,She thought it unnecessary to argue with him.,it interesting to play computer games.,it + adj./n.+ to do,巩固练习2,The teacher told me to clean the blackboard.,(4). 宾补 Complement,allow, cause, ask, advise, expect, force, permit, persuade, tell, want, warn, teach等.,Non-finite,医生建议他去南方.,The doctor advised him to go to the south.,+ sb to do,advise sb. to do sth. 建议某人做某事allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事ask sb. to do sth.请（叫）某人做某事bear sb. to do sth.忍受某人做某事beg sb. to do sth. 请求某人做某事cause sb. to do sth. 导致某人做某事command sb. to do sth. 命令某人做某事drive sb. to do sth .驱使某人做某事elect sb. to do sth. 选举某人做某事encourage sb. to do sth. 鼓励某人做某事,expect sb. to do sth. 期望某人做某事forbid sb. to do sth. 禁止某人做某事force sb. to do sth. 强迫某人做某事get sb. to do sth. 使（要）某人做某事hate sb. to do sth. 讨厌某人做某事help sb. to do sth. 帮助某人做某事intend sb. to do sth. 打算要某人做某事invite sb. to do sth. 邀请某人做某事leave sb. to do sth. 留下某人做某事,like sb. to do sth. 喜欢某人做某事mean sb. to do sth. 打算要某人做某事need sb. to do sth. 需要某人做某事oblige sb. to do sth. 迫使某人做某事order sb. to do sth. 命令某人做某事permit sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事persuade sb. to do sth. 说服某人做某事prefer sb. to do sth. 宁愿某人做某事request sb. to do sth. 要求某人做某事,remind sb. to do sth. 提醒某人做某事teach sb. to do sth .教某人做某事tell sb. to do sth. 告诉某人做某事train sb. to do sth. 训练某人做某事trouble sb. to do sth. 麻烦某人做某事want sb. to do sth. 想要某人做某事warn sb. to do sth. 警告某人做某事wish sb. to do sth. 希望某人做某事,1、why not do 或 Why dont you do之后。2、在固定词组had better do 否定形式是had better not do sth.例如: You had better go home now.你最好现在回家。 Its cold outside. Youd better not go out.外面很冷,你最好不要出去。,当遇到下列动词时,不定式省略to:,五看,watch,see,look at,observe,notice,三使,let,make,have,二听,listen to,hear,一感觉:,feel,当遇到下列动词时,不定式省略to:,Non-finite,3.,4.would rather (not) do sth.would rather do A than (do) Bwould rather + 句子（过去式） （虚拟语气）,5. 表示“只好, 不得不”的but之后：(cant /could not but, cant / could not help but, cant choose but) 1) Its raining hard. I cant help but stay at home. 2) We could not but sweep at our bad luck. 3) I cant choose but finish the work.,6.不定式用在介词but, except, besides后时,如果这些介词前有行为动词do的各种形式,那么介词后的不定式不带to, 相反则带to.,(1). She could do nothing but _ .(cry)(2). I have no choice but_. (go)(3).What do you like _ besides_ . (do, sleep),cry,to go,to do,sleep,Non-finite,I made him do his work.,He _by me.,See sb do sth,-,sb be seen to do,He was seen _ from the tree and get hurt.fall B. to fall C. falling D. fallen,改错: He was heard talk to his mother for an hour.,to talk,was made to do his work,点击规律: 动词不定式若在句中作定语, 常放在被修饰的名词、代词之后。 提示板: 如果动词不定式和前面所修饰的词构成动宾关系, 且动词是不及物动词, 切记不要忘掉后面的介词。如 I have a small chair to sit on(sit on the chair) There arent enough rooms to live in. (live in enough rooms),(5). 定语 Attributive,(如果不定式中的动词是不及物动词,则不定式中要有介词.),He is looking for_.（一间可以住的房子）,There is nothing_.,*我想要几本书在旅途中看。,Id like_.,a few books to read during the journey,-What do you think of the school?-It is a very good _.A. school to study in B. school for children to studyC. studying school D. school to study,to worry about,The topics to be discussed at tomorrows meeting is concerned about the Olympics 2008.,（没有什么可担心的）,a room to live in,I came here to see you.He got up early to catch the train.,(6) 状语 Adverbial,in order to , so as to ,1.表目的,2.表原因,We were very excited to hear the news.,3.表结果,This room is big enough to hold us.,He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet.,Non-finite,only to do sth 竟然.往往表示一种出乎意料的或令人失望的结果。,原因状语: 放在sorry, glad, surprised, disappointed，excited等词后面。对其进行补充说明, 作形容词补足语）如： I am glad to see you here I am sorry to trouble you,注意如下两个句型的用法，后面的to+V（原形）都是做状语。A. too + adj / adv + to +do . 太而不能.B. . + adj / adv + enough to +do. 足够.干 eg. He is too young to go to school =He isnt old enough to go to school.,1._ late in the morning , Bob turned off the alarm.A. To sleep B. Sleeping C. Sleep D. Having slept,巩固练习2,翻译：1935年,他离开家再也没回来。,In 1935 he left home never to return.,who, which, when, how, what,whom,whether 等连用，在句中起名词作用，可充当主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语等。,我不知道是否要接受邀请。,I dont know whether to accept the invitation or not.,(宾语),How to solve the problem is very important.,(主语),如何解决这个问题很重要。,我的问题是什么时候开始。,My question is when to start.,(表语),Non-finite,不定式与疑问词连用:,He didnt tell me where to go. (直宾) I dont know what to say now.(宾语)I dont know what to do next. (宾语） He taught us how to use the computer(宾语补足语),Exercise,1.To see you is glad. =Its glad to see you. 2.I want to see you.3.I want him to see you. 4.My hope is to see you.5.He is the man to see you.6.Im glad to see you.7.I went to see you.8.He went so early only to see you9. To tell you the truth, I dont agree with you.10. How to solve this problem is very important.,（作主语）,(作宾语）,（作宾补）,(作表语）,（作定语）,（作原因状语）,（作目的状语）,（作结果状语）,独立成分,和疑问词连用,1. It is useful to know how to drive.,2. The best way to learn a foreign language is to make friends with a foreigner.,3. I need to attend the meeting.,主语,定语,表语,宾语,Underline the infinitives and tell their Parts of speech.,4. I didnt expect Mary to invite me to her birthday party.,5. She listens to news every day so as to find out whats going on.,6. I was disappointed to hear the news.,宾语补足语,目的状语,原因状语,关于省略,(1).不定式中的动词上文已出现过,下文要 省略该动词.,e.g.: Would you like to go with me ?,(2). 不定式是to be 结构, be 不可省.,e.g.: Would you like to be a teacher?,A. Id like to B.Id like to go,Yes, _.,Non-finite,A.Id like to be. B. Id like to.,Yes,_.,1. -Did you get a job? - No, I _ , but its no use.A. expected B. tried to C. managed to D. planned,2. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _.A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to,巩固练习4,注意以下几种情况不定式的用法,*在the first, the second，the last和only之后，只能用to do。 如：He was the last to leave the classroom *如果understand，realize, know用在begin, start, attempt, intend后，只能用to do。 如：I began to understand the truth*表示目的的不定式的否定式一般不用not to do,而用in order not to do或so as not to do。 如：()In order not to be seen, he came into the room through the window ()Not to be seen, he came into the room through the window ()He came into the room through the window so as not to be seen*so as to do一般不放在句首。 ()He get up at five this morning so as to catch the early bus (X) So as to catch the early bus，he got up at five this morning,有些动词既可跟不定式作宾语，也可跟动名词作宾语，但含义不同：,remember to do 记住去做某事； forget to do 忘记去做某事 remember doing 记得曾经做过某事 forget doing 忘记曾经做过某事go on + doing 继续做同一事 stop + doing 停止正在做的事go on to do 继续做某事（前后是两件事） stop +to do 停下来去做另一件事 like doing 喜欢做某事（指兴趣爱好） hate doing 讨厌去做某事 like to do 偶尔喜欢去做某事 hate to do 不愿去做某事（人）need to do 某人需要去做某事（物）need doing 某物需要被. begin /start /continue to do /doing 开始做某事,不定式高级用法,Tense and Voice （时态与语态）,to be doing,to have done,to have been done,-,to have been doing,-,(1).They pretended not to see us.,(2). He pretended to be sleeping.,(3).She pretended to have known it before.,(一般式表示与谓语的动作同时/发生在它之后.),(在谓语动词发生的同时,不定式的动作也正在进行),(完成式表示动作发生在谓语动作之前),1.The boy pretended _ when his mother entered.A. reading B. to read C. to be reading D. being read,2. Do let your mother know all the truth. She appears_ everything. A. to tell B. to be told C. to be telling D. to have been told,巩固练习3,3. Charles Babbage is generally considered _ the first computer. A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented,4.The Emperor ordered the wonderful cloth _ for him without delay.A. to have woven B. to be wovenC. to be weaving D. to weave,Exercise,This company was the first _ portable radios in the world. A. producing B. to produce C. having produced D. produced 2. The purpose of new technology is to make life easier, _ it more difficult. A. not making B. not make C. not to make D. nor to make,B,C,Choose the best answers.,3. Helen had to shout _ above the sound of the music. A. making herself hear B. to make herself hear C. making herself heard D. to make herself heard,D,4. I dont know whether you happen _, but I am going to study in the U.S.A this September. A. to be heard. B. to be bearing C. to hear D. to have heard,D,5. The news reporters hurried to the airport, only _ the film stars had left. A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told6. You were silly not _ your car. A. to lock B. to have locked C. locking D. having locked,B,B,7. The teacher asked us _ so much noise. A. dont make B. not make C. not making D. not to make8. Im sorry I forgot _ your dictionary. Lets borrow one from Li Ming. A. to take B. taking C. to bring D. bringing,D,C,9. She couldnt decide which restaurant _. A. to have lunch B. to eat C. to eat at D. eating at 10. I prefer _ rather than _. A. read; watch B. to read; watch C. reading; to watch D. to read; to watch,C,B,Exercise,1. Robert is said _ abroad, but I dont know what country he studied in.to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying2. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _ it more difficult.not make B. not to make C. not making D. dont make3. Ive worked with children before, so I know what _ in my new job.expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects,4. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _ whether they will enjoy it.to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. see5. It is said in Australia there is more land than the government knows _.it what to do with B. what to do with it C. what to do it with D. to do what with it6. The mother didnt know _ to blame for the broken glass as it happened while she was out.A. who B. when C. how D. why,7. Paul doesnt have to be made _. He always works hard. A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning8. We agreed _ here but so far she hasnt turned up yet. A. having met B. meeting C. to meet D. to have met9. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _. A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to,10. The patient was warned _ oily food after the operation. A. to eat not B.eating not C. not to eat D.not eating11. I would love _ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report. A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone12. Charles Babbage is generally considered _the first computer. A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented,13. Little Jim should love _ to the theatre this evening. A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking14. _ late in the afternoon, Bob turned off the alarm. A. To sleep B. Sleeping C. Sleep D. Having sleep15. The teacher asked us _ so much noise. A. dont make B. not make C. not making D. not to make,Exercise,1. -I usually go there by train. -Why not _ by boat for a change? A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going,2.Rather than _ on a crowded bus, he always prefers _ a bicycle. A. ride; ride B. riding; ride C. ride; to ride D. to ride; riding,4. She cant help _ the house because shes busy making a cake. A. to clean B. cleaning C. cleaned D. being cleaned,3. While shopping, people sometime cant help _ into buying something they dont really need. to pursue B. persuading C. being persuaded D. be persuaded,5. Robert is said _ abroad, but I dont know what country he studied in.to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying6. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _ it more difficult.not make B. not to make C. not making D. dont make,7. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _ whether they will enjoy it.to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. see8. The mother didnt know _ to blame for the broken glass as it happened while she was out.A. who B. when C. how D. why,9. Paul doesnt have to be made _. He always works hard.learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning,10.The light in the office is still on. - Oh, I forgot _.turning it off B. turn it offC. to turn it off D. having turned it off,11. I would love _ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report. A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone,12. Ive worked with children before, so I know what _ in my new job.A. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects,13. Little Jim should love _ to the theatre this evening. A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking14. The teacher asked us _ so much noise.A. dont make B. not makeC. not making D. not to make,