美国西进运动及淘金热ppt课件.pptx

historical background of Mark Twains time,Gold rush&Westward expansion,The Gold Rush,Westward Expansion,The Gold Rush is an important part of the Westward Expansion.,Westward Expansion,Time: late 18C -late 19C and early 20C Events: American Revolution The Purchase of Louisiana War of 1812 The Texas annexed The California Gold Rush The Civil War,Reason： The British Proclamation of 1763 about prohibiting immigration into the west of Appalachians (阿巴拉契亚山)has be abolished by American government The needs of more land The support of the government,Westward Expansion,Process,Process,It took American colonists a century and a half to expand as far west as the Appalachian Mounts, a few hundred miles from the Atlantic coast. It took another 50 years to push the frontier to the Mississippi River. By 1863, fewer than 100,000 pioneers had crossed the Mississippi.,Stage 1,Stage 2,By 1850, pioneers had pushed the edge of settlement all the way to Texas, the Rocky Mountain and the Pacific Ocean. Thousands of families chalked GTT (Gone to Texas) on their gates or on their wagons, and joined the trek westward.,Stage 3,Manifest Destiny 天定命运论,The belief that it was US destiny to expand towards the Pacific & perhaps further & to spread its version of democracy & freedom.,Significance,By expanding the nations borders to include more than 3 million square miles, the United States became one of the most powerful nations of the 20th century.For good or ill, the Westward Expansion of these Anglo-American settlers was one of the most influential forces to shape North American history.However, this expansion also resulted in great suffering, destruction, and cultural loss for the Native Americans of North America.,The Trail of Tears,The Trail of Tears is a name given to the forced relocation of Native American nations from southeastern parts of the US following the Indian Removal Act of 1830.,With the westward expansion, a large number of Indians died on the route to their destinations, the survivors were forcibly rushed to the more desolate “Reservations, and the forced migration road of Indians, also known as Tears of the road . ,The Trail of Tears,American Indians Today,There were more than 5 million Indians living in American before Westward Expansion .Nowadays, 2.5 million still live in the US.,American values developed from American Westward Expansion,Self-reliance 自力更生The rugged individualism个人主义Inventiveness and the can-do spirit 创造力和敢作敢为的精神Equality of opportunity 平等的机会,Gateway Arch西进之门/圣路易斯大拱门,The Gold Rush,January 24, 1848gold was found by James W. Marshall at Sutters Mill in Coloma, Californiabrought by sailing ships and covered wagons 300,000 gold-seekers (called forty-niners, as in 1849)most of the newly arrived were Americansalso attracted some tens of thousands from Latin America, Europe, Australia, and Asia.,Gold fields and sailing routes to California, 1849,March 1848 San Francisco newspaper publisher and merchant Samuel Brannan he had hurriedly set up a store to sell gold prospecting supplies,First announcement, San Francisco, 1848,Mexican territory of Alta Californiaunder control of the Spanish Empirethey were concentrated away from the areas that gold would eventually be foundAmerican and European settlers did began moving to Alta California in the years preceding the gold rush, but they tended to settle in these established regions and were a minority of the population,a shaky relationship with the central government powers Juan Bautista Alvarado led a rebellion and took the office of governorallowed Alta California to have more freedom in their own government in the final years of Mexican rule MexicanAmerican Wara Californio militia leading up to the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo on February 2, 1848, less than two weeks after the discovery of gold,August 19, 1848the New York Heraldthe first major newspaper on the East Coast to report the discovery of goldDecember 5, 1848 President James Polk the Gold Country of California or Mother Lode” a ghost town of abandoned ships and businessesthe “first world-class gold rush”forty-niners faced hardship and often death on the way,Forty-niners,primarily agriculturally oriented Americans and Europeans living in Northern California, along with Native Americans and some Californios (Spanish-speaking Californians).The largest group of forty-niners in 1849 were AmericansForty-niners came from Latin America, particularly from the Mexican mining districts near Sonora and Chile,Forty-niners,primarily agriculturally oriented Americans and Europeans living in Northern California, along with Native Americans and some Californios (Spanish-speaking Californians).The largest group of forty-niners in 1849 were AmericansForty-niners came from Latin America, particularly from the Mexican mining districts near Sonora and Chile,Whites, Native Americans and blacks engaged in gold prospecting, c. 1850.,Legal rights,At first-peculiarly lawless placesthe treaty ending the war, February 2, 1848September 9, 1850Local residents operated under a confusing and changing mixture of Mexican rules, American principles, and personal dictates. the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850encouraged the arrival of free blacks and escaped slaves,The benefit to the forty-niners was that the gold was simply free for the taking at first, no private property, no licensing fees, and no taxes,Forty-niner panning for gold,Sluice for separation of gold from dirt with water,Excavating a river bed after the water has been diverted,Crushing quartz to washing out gold,Excavating a gravel bed with jets, circa 1863,Old-time gold nuggets from Tuolumne County, California; c. 1 in (25 mm),Legacy(1) State motto, Eureka on theSeal of California. (2) California state route shield, with the number 49 and shaped like a miners spade. (3) Commemorative coin from 1925.,