科技英语知识简介ppt课件.ppt

化工过程机械专业英语Specialty English for Chemical Process Machinery,机械工程学院杨锋苓,课程概况,学时：32 学分：2 授课方式：讲授、阅读、互动 考核：课堂表现（20%）、作业（40%）、论文（40%）教材：1）新编化学化工专业英语。邵荣，吕慧华，许伟。华东理工大学出版社20092）科技英语写作句型。孙娴柔。中国标准出版社 1992。部分期刊：Chemical engineering Journal (IF:3.461) ; Chemical Engineering Science (IF:2.431); Chemical Engineering and Processing (IF:1.924); Chemical Engineering Research and Design (IF:1.968); 国内外其他相关学术期刊,第一章 科技英语知识简介Introduction to English for Science and Technology,1 科技英语的特点科技英语（English for Science and Technology, EST）是指用于自然科学与工程技术领域的一种英语文体。科技英语的特点主要体现在以下几方面：,文体、时态、词汇、句式,学术英语就是表达学术思想、承载学术内容的英语,其主要表现形式就是学术期刊和学术会议上的学术论文文字稿及其口头演讲。,科技英语力求平易、客观和精确，避免行文晦涩、表露感情、刻意修辞等。行文时陈述句多，感叹句、疑问句少。例如：Since 1940 the chemical industry has grown at a remarkable rate, although this has slowed significantly in recent years. The lions share of this growth has been in the organic chemicals sector due to the development and growth of the petrochemicals area since 1950. The explosive growth in petrochemicals in the 1960s and 1970s was largely due to the enormous increase in demand for synthetic polymers such as polyethylene, polypropylene, nylon, polyesters and epoxy resins.,1 文体方面,科技论文作者在说明事理、提出设想、探讨问题和推导公式时，常常涉及到各种前提、条件和场合。为了避免武断，表示谦虚或保持谨慎的态度，经常使用虚拟语气，使口吻变得委婉。例如：If a pound of sand were broken up and turned into atomic energy, there would be enough power to supply the whole of Europe for a few years.如果一磅沙子裂变，放出（所有）原子能，那将够整个欧洲用几年。在说明注意事项时，则常常使用祈使句。例如：Be careful not to mix the liquids. 注意！不要把这几种液体混起来。,使用should或祈使句，使句式显得简捷明了。在实验或操作说明，以及在假设和计算中常常使用命令句这种形式：让水冷却10分钟，然后再测量温度。Allow the water to cool for ten minutes and then take the temperature.计算炉子产生的热量。Calculate the amount of heat which the furnace produces假设X等于每分钟的碳转化率Let X equal the carbon conversions per minute.,另外，科技英语的表达方式较为程式化。科技文章往往由标题、摘要、关键词、正文、参考文献等部分构成（视具体情况，可以有其中的几种或全部）。正文一般又分为引言、论述与结论三个部分。在引言部分说明文章的主题和有关背景等。在论述部分对文章主题按一定次序展开叙述和讨论。如果是介绍实验成果的文章，则首先介绍实验仪器与设备、实验参数、实验过程和实验结果，然后展开讨论。在结论部分则根据前面的讨论与推理，作出总结或提出建议。,2 时态方面,科技英语行文时，时态运用有限。叙述过去的研究常用过去时，间或也用现在完成时；论述理论部分用现在时。一般现在时尤其常用，以表述无时间性的科学事实或规律等。例如：The chemical industry is concerned with converting raw materials, such as crude oil, firstly into chemical intermediates, and then into a tremendous variety of other chemicals. These are then used to produce consumer products, which make our lives more comfortable or, in some cases such as pharmaceutical products, help to maintain our well-being or even life itself. At each stage of these operations value is added to the product and provided this added value exceeds the raw material plus processing costs then a profit will be made on the operation. It is the aim of chemical industry to achieve this.,(一般过去时),Previous research studies demonstrated that the equipment used is able to measure the incipient(初期的) equilibrium conditions. However, this was the first occasion that the apparatus was used for the formation of semiclathrates(笼). Therefore, an initial study was carried out to establish the experimental methodology for semiclathrate. Experiments were conducted to form TBAB(丁基甲基溴 ) semiclathrates with methane, and through a process of trial and error, it was found that a heating rate of 0.2 K h-1 was the highest heating rate for which one could observe a clearly defined equilibrium point. Experiments were performed in duplicate, and it was found that they were reproducible to within a 95 % confidence interval(置信区间). Figure 2 shows the results of this section, in which the data from the current study is compared to that which is already in the literature.J. Chem. Eng. Data 2011, 56, 6973除上述时态外，有时还用将来时、进行时，偶尔也用过去完成时。,3 词汇方面,科技英语大量使用专业词汇，经常利用前缀、后缀构成派生词，并大量使用缩略词。例如：tetracycline四环素（tetra-“四”，cycl(ic)“环”，-ine某一类化学物质）all-weather 适应各种气候的, 全天候的（all与weather间加连字符）antiaging防衰老的（anti与aging间不加连字符）mascon质量密集的物质（mass与concentration两词各取前3个字母）Gravimeter比重计（gravity的前4个字母与meter合成）lab 实验室（laboratory截取前3个字母）XRDX射线衍射（由X-ray Diffraction缩略而成）SEM扫描电子显微镜（由scanning electron microscope缩略而成）,此外，在科技英语中，还大量使用逻辑语法词：,4 句式方面,科技英语多使用长句和被动句，大量使用名词化结构（nominalization）和非限定动词，还经常使用后置定语。（1）长句为了表述一个复杂概念，使之逻辑严密，科技文章中往往出现许多长句：Chemists and other professionals who are concerned with chemistry are engaged in a remarkably diversified range of activities, like monitoring the quality of a public water supply, flameproofing childrens pajamas(睡袍), developing a treatment for a disease, processing a photographic film, analyzing body fluids to diagnose an illness, and determining the authenticity of a painting.,（1）长句On the basis of the present study carried out under well-controlled conditions, it cannot be concluded that organically grown onions, carrots, and potatoes generally have higher contents of health-promoting secondary metabolites(植物代谢产物)in comparison with the conventionally cultivated ones.Polyphenols(多酚) have one or more phenol units in their chemical structure and are a group of secondary plant metabolites(植物代谢产物), frequently speculated to have positive health effects including a decreased risk of heart diseases, dementia(老年痴呆症 ) , and cancer .,（2）被动句,科技人员在研究和解决科技问题时尊重客观，重视事实和方法、性能和特征、规律和推理。因此，他们习惯于客观地看问题，并在讨论科技问题时力求作出客观而准确的陈述。而使用第一人称会给读者造成作者主观臆断的印象，使用第二人称则会使读者产生主观性。正因为这样，在科技文献中通常主要是使用非人称（无生命第三人称）的语气作客观的叙述，从而也较多使用被动句。被动语态数量之多，可以占到全部谓语动词的1/3到1/2以上。此外，科技文章将主要信息前置，放在主语部份，从而使句子更为简短、紧凑，使行文更加准确、严谨和精练，这也是广泛使用被动态的主要原因。,example,As oil is found deep in the ground, its presence cannot be determined by a study of the surface. Consequently, a geological survey of the underground rock structure must be carried out. 因为石油深埋于地下，靠研究地表并不能确定其有无。因此必须对地下岩层进行地质勘测。,If it is thought that the rocks in a certain area contain oil, a “drilling rig” is assembled. The most obvious part of a drilling rig is called a “derrick It is used to lift sections of pipe, which are lowered into the hole made by the drill. 如果认为某处岩层中含油，就安装“钻机”。其中最显眼的部分是“钻井架”。它用来提升各节油管，放入钻孔中。,As the hole is being drilled, a steel pipe is pushed down to prevent the sides from falling in. If oil is struck, a cover is firmly fixed to the top of the pipe and the oil is allowed to escape through a series of valves(阀门).当孔钻成时，放入钢管防止孔壁坍塌。如果挖到石油，则在油管顶部加盖紧固，使石油通过一系列阀门流出,example,A bubble tower is used to distil petroleum. (Good)蒸馏石油时使用鼓泡塔。We use a bubble tower to distil petroleum. (Not good)我们用鼓泡塔蒸馏石油。,应当注意不要损坏了机器。Attention should be paid not to damage the machine. （pay attention not toattention should be paid not to）在某些国家里，人们在利用地球中心的热。The heat in the centre of the earth is being made use of in some countries.,（3）名词化结构,名词化（nominalization）是指词性作用的名词性转换，包括起名词作用的非谓语动词和与动词同根或同形的名词，也包括一些形容词来源的名词。名词化既可起名词的作用，也可以表达谓语动词或形容词所表达的内容，常伴有修饰成分或附加成分，构成短语。因此，句法上小到词或词组，大到句子段落，都可以进行名词化处理，从而形成多种组合方式的名词化短语。,example,名词化结构有利于行文简洁、表达客观、内容确切，也可使所含信息量增大。科技英语常强调存在的事实并非个别行为或现象，故名词化结构尤为常见。The shrinkage of the sun to this state would transform our oceans into ice and our atmosphere into liquid air. 如果太阳收缩到这种状态，就会把海洋变成冰，把大气变为液化气。The accumulation of new data during the past decade has brought a refinement of some earlier views and concepts. 最近几十年来，由于不断积累新的资料数据，从而完善了以前的一些观点和概念。The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night. 地球绕轴自转，引起昼夜的变化。Television is the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves. 电视通过无线电波发射和接受活动物体的图像。The testing of machines by this method entails some loss of power. 用这种方法试验机器，会浪费一些能量。,用泵能抽去油箱中的油The contents of the tank are discharged by a pump. (Not good）Discharge of the contents of the tank is performed by a pump. (Good)用这种办法试验机器需要消耗一些电力If machines are tested by this method, there will be some loss of power. (Not good)The testing of machines by this method entails some loss of power. (Good),有必要检查一下这些结果是否准确It is necessary to examine whether these results are accurate. (Not good)It is necessary to examine the accuracy of these results.(Good)不清楚这些结果有多么准确It is doubtful how accurate the results are. (Not good)The accuracy of these results is doubtful. (Good)工作的进展取决于这个机构的效率如何The progress of the work will depend on how efficient the organization is. (Not good)The progress of the work will depend on the efficiency of the organization. (Good),翻译下列两段1. 如今电子计算机普遍用于解决与天气预报有关的数学(mathematical)问题，并把卫星(satellites)送入轨道。2. 数控机床(Numerical control machines)在生产少量及中量产品时十分特别有用。含有生产零件(part)所需信息的磁带(tape)可以在必要时存储、再利用及修饰。,1.Today the electronic computer is widely used in solving mathematical problems having to do with weather forecasting and putting satellites into orbit. 2. Numerical control machines are most useful when quantities of products to be produced are low or medium. The tape containing the information required to produce the part can be stored，reused or modified when required,（4）非谓语动词（非限定动词）,在科技作品中，人们往往要说明各个事物之间的关系，事物的位置和状态变化。如机器、产品、原料等的运动、来源、型式，产品的加工手段、工艺流程和仪器、设备的操作方法，这些都要求叙述严谨、准确。动词的非谓语形式容易实现这些要求，而且能用扩展的成分对所修饰的词进行严格的说明和限定。每一个分词短语都能代替一个从句，因此可以完整、准确地表达某一概念和事物，同时保证行文简练、结构紧凑。,科技文章要求行文简练、结构紧凑。为此，往往使用分词短语代替定语从句或状语从句；使用分词独立结构代替状语从句或并列分句；使用不定式短语代替各种从句；介词+动名词短语代替定语从句或状语从句。这样可缩短句子，又比较醒目。,To determine the optimum parameters will be time consuming. 最佳参数的确定是费时的。It is necessary to concentrate the minerals to be leached.浸取前必须选矿。Expanding gases can be used to operate a machine.膨胀的气体可用来开动机器。The short circuits, having been located, can be put right.短路（故障）在查出后就能修好。Confined in a rigid container, gas will expand at high temperature.气体即使封闭在刚性容器中，在高温下也会膨胀。Annealing is one of the heat treatments of steel.退火是钢的热处理（方法）中的一种。Radiating from the earth, heat causes air currents to rise.热量由地球辐射出来时，使得气流上升。There are different ways of changing energy from one form into another.将能量从一种形式转变成另一种形式有各种不同的方法。Emitting infrared rays is an important way for the human body to give out surplus heat.发出红外线是人体散发多余热量的一个重要途径。,（5）后置定语,As a ship is loaded, it sinks deeper into the water, displacing an additional amount of water equal to the weight of the added load.船装了货吃水更深，其排开的附加水量等于所装货的重量。The forces due to friction are called frictional forces.由于摩擦而产生的力称之为摩擦力。A call for paper is now being issued.征集论文的通知现正陆续发出。Iron ore is an iron oxide not very different from ordinary iron rust.铁矿石是铁的氧化物，与普通的铁锈没有多大差别。In this factory the only fuel available is coal.该厂唯一可用的燃料是煤。,