环境工程专业英语ppt课件.ppt

环境工程专业英语 Professional English for Environmental Engineering,Han Xiaogang College of Resources and Environment Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityTel: 15059188544，QQ:103475685,2,English Proverb,Everything will be okay in the end. If its not okay, its not the end.,每件事最后都会是好事。如果不是好事，说明还没到最后。 -不到最后，谁也不知道结果.,3,Review of the Last Lesson,4,Review of the Last Lesson,4. Environmental Problems,Environmental problems are always interrelated. Sometimes a solution to one problem actually creates another problem.,People are sick,Improving health,Population explosion,Natural habitats are destroyed,Animals are killed,Outbreaks of insect pests,Using pesticides,Environment becomes polluted,5,4. Environmental Problems,Part Introduction to Environmental Engineering,How does a person begin to study such a network of interlocking (相关联的) problems? To make the task (工作、任务) a bit more manageable, we should recognize what environmental problems people are up against.,What environmental problems are people up against？,Overpopulation,Pollution,Depletion of Resources,Changes in the Global Condition,The War,6,Part Introduction to Environmental Engineering,Overpopulation,Overpopulation may be defined as the presence in a given area of more people than can be supported adequately by the resources available in that area.,Many people argue that the population explosion that has taken place in the twentieth century is now the most important problem we face.,It is important first because overpopulation is a major cause of all environmental problems: Fewer people would use less oil, chop down fewer trees, and pour less sewage into rivers.,7,Part Introduction to Environmental Engineering,Overpopulation,Second, overpopulation and the starvation（饥饿） that accompanies it are generally higher on our list of priorities （优先权） than other environmental concerns.,It is hard to argue that an area should be set aside as parkland to preserve（保护） a vanishing（消失） forest or savanna（平原，热带大草原） when that might be used to raise crops that would prevent fellow human beings from starving to death.,8,Part Introduction to Environmental Engineering,Pollution,Pollution is a reduction in the quality of the environment by the introduction of impurities(杂质，不纯洁的东西).Smoke pollutes the air; sewage pollutes the waters; junk cars （垃圾车）pollute the land. We know that such contamination exists; it can be seen, smelled, or even tasted.,There are two distinctly（明显的，无疑的） different types of pollution.,Concentration （浓度，集中） of Organic Wastes,Introduction of Synthetic（合成的） Chemicals into the Environment,9,Part Introduction to Environmental Engineering,All living organisms produce waste products; wastes are associated with the act of living. Upon death, the entire（整个的） organism becomes a waste product. Before modern civilization, most organic wastes did not accumulate（堆积，积累） in the environment because they were consumed by other organisms and thereby（从而） recycled. In modern times, the natural decomposition（分解） of organic wastes does not always operate efficiently.,Concentration of Organic Wastes,10,Part Introduction to Environmental Engineering,Everything is make of chemicals.,Introduction of Synthetic Chemicals into the Environment,Although many natural chemical compounds have existed for billions of years, people have recently learned to make new chemical compounds, called synthetic chemicals.,The quantity and variety of new synthetic chemicals are staggering （令人震惊的，难以置信的）. They are present in paints （油漆）, dyes （染料）, food additives, drugs, pesticides （农药）, fertilizers （化肥）, fire retardants （阻燃剂）, building materials, clothes, cleaning supplies, cosmetics （化妆品）, plastics, and so on.,11,Part Introduction to Environmental Engineering,Some of them are drugs that save millions of lives every year, and others are poisons.,Because most of them are new to the environment, the traditional patterns of decay and recycling do not necessarily apply.,Biodegradable,Non-biodegradable,Synthetic Chemicals,Some synthetic chemicals break down rapidly in the environment by the action of sunlight, air, water, or soil, and some are eaten by living organisms. A material that decomposes(分解，腐烂) in the environment as a result of biological action is said to be biodegradable.,Many compounds remain in the environment for a long time because organisms that feed on them and break them down are rare.,12,Part Introduction to Environmental Engineering,Depletion of Resources,A resource is any source of raw materials，such as fuels, minerals, water, soil, and timber are all resources.,Resources can become depleted in three different ways.,First, a substance can be destroyed, that is, converted into something else.,Fuels are destroyed when they are used: Coal is converted to ashes and gas; uranium(铀) is converted to radioactive waste products.The ashes or waste products are no long fuels.,13,Part Introduction to Environmental Engineering,Depletion of Resources,Resources can become depleted in three different ways.,Second, a substance can be lost by being diluted (冲淡的，削弱), or by being displaced (置换) to some location from which it cannot easily be recovered.,If you open a helium-filled balloon (氦气球), the gas escapes to the atmosphere. Not one atom of helium is destroyed, but nevertheless the gas is lost because it would be impossible, as a practical matter, to recover it. The same concept of loss by dilution applies to minerals.,14,Part Introduction to Environmental Engineering,Depletion of Resources,Resources can become depleted in three different ways.,Third, a substance can be rendered (放弃) unfit for use by being polluted.,If industrial of agricultural wastes are discharged into a stream, or if they percolate (渗透) down through soil and porous rock (多孔岩石) to reach a supply of groundwater, then these water resources become less fit for drinking or, in the case of the stream, for recreation or for the support of aquatic life (水生生物).,Finally, conservation (保护) is often seen as a measure whose benefits will be realized later, perhaps only by our children of grandchildren, and not all makers of policy are equally concerned about future generations.,15,Part Introduction to Environmental Engineering,Changes in the Global Condition,Scientists have begun only recently to wonder whether human activities might affect the global environment.,Firstly，aerosol sprays (气溶胶态物质) and aircraft exhaust (飞行器尾气) may be destroying the ozone layer (臭氧层) in the atmosphere that filters out ultraviolet radiation.,Secondly，burning fossil fuels release carbon dioxide that could affect planetary weather patterns（地球气候模式）.,Thirdly，pollution of the oceans destroys plant life that produces oxygen, and such pollution might eventually reduce the oxygen content of the air we breathe.,Finally，throughout much of the world, forests, jungles （热带雨林）, shrub lands （灌木林地）, and other natural systems are being converted to farmland. In many areas, this process is depleting the fertility （肥力） of the soil, altering the climate, and causing the extinction （灭绝） of literally thousands of species of plants and animals.,16,Part Introduction to Environmental Engineering,War,In many ways, war is a combination of all environmental problems rather than a separated category.,From time immemorial (远古的) , overpopulation and want have led human groups into wars over food, land, or some other coveted (令人垂诞的) resource.,In modern times war and the preparation for war have led to pollution and depletions of resources that are far more extreme than any single peacetime activity.,Moreover, a nuclear war places the global systems of the Earth, human civilization, and even the human species itself at risk.,17,专业英语翻译理论,专业英语翻译理论,18,专业英语翻译理论,范文：Aerobic TreatmentAerobic means requiring the presence of free oxygen. Aerobic treatment of waste is the natural degradation and purification process in which bacteria that thrive in oxygen-rich environment break down and digest the the waste.Aerobic bacteria are like humans in that they require oxygen to survive and thrive. This is the primary difference between aerobic systems and septic systems, you see. Septic systems depend on much less efficient anaerobic bacteria.,19,专业英语翻译理论,During this oxidation process, pollutants are broken down into carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), nitrates, sulphates and biomass (micro-organisms). By optimizing the oxygen supply with so-called aerators, the process can be significantly accelerated. Of all biological waste treatment method, aerobic digestion is the most widespead process used throughout the world (more than 95%).Aerobic bacteria demand oxygen to decompose dissolved pollutants. Large amounts of pollutants require large quantities of bacteria; hence the demand for oxygen will be high.The Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a measure of the quantity of dissolved organic pollutants that can be removed in biological oxidation by the bacteria. It is expressed in mg/L.,20,专业英语翻译理论,The Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) measures the quantity of dissolved organic pollutants that can be removed in chemical oxidation, by adding strong acids. It is expressed in mg/L.The ratio BOD/COD gives an indication of the fraction of pollutants in the wastewater that is biodegradable. Aerobic bacteria are very efficient in breaking down waste products. As a result, aerobic treatment usually yields better effluent quality than that obtained in anaerobic processes.,21,专业英语翻译理论,1. 专业英语翻译概论1.1 专业英语的特点1.1.1 专业英语的词汇特点专业词汇出现的频率低。词义专一。广泛是使用缩写词。如：COD chemical oxygen demand 化学需氧量BOD biochemical oxygen demand 生化需氧量TOC total organic carbon 总有机碳DO dissolved oxygen 溶解氧,22,专业英语翻译理论,POPs persistent organic pollutants 持久性有机污染物TSP total suspended particle 总悬浮颗粒TKN total Kjeldahl nitrogen 总凯氏氮UASB up flow anaerobic sludge blanket 上流式厌氧污泥床MBR membrane bioreactor 膜生物反应器SBR sequencing batch reactor 间歇式活性污泥法1.1.2 专业英语的句法特点广泛使用陈述句。Aerobic means requiring the presence of free oxygen. Aerobic treatment of waste is the natural degradation and purification process in which bacteria that thrive in oxygen-rich environment break down and digest the the waste.,23,专业英语翻译理论,广泛使用被动语态。During this oxidation process, pollutants are broken down into carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), nitrates, sulphates and biomass (micro-organisms). By optimizing the oxygen supply with so-called aerators, the process can be significantly accelerated.被动语态在专业英语中的使用比在其他场合更为广泛，主要因为被动句比主动句更能说明需要论证的对象，更能使其位置鲜明、突出。,24,专业英语翻译理论,简略表达多。The ratio BOD/COD gives an indication of the fraction of pollutants in the wastewater that is biodegradable. 长句使用多。Aerobic treatment of waste is the natural degradation and purification process in which bacteria that thrive in oxygen-rich environment break down and digest the the waste.主句带若干从句，从句带短语，短语带从句，相互依附，相互制约。,25,专业英语翻译理论,Floating on the oceans are 7,659 trillion metric tons of ice encased in 10,000 icebergs that break away from the polar ice caps, more than ninety percent of them from Antarctica.句子倒置。Floating on the oceans are 7,659 trillion metric tons of ice多重修饰。ice encased in 10,000 icebergs that break away from the polar ice caps, more than ninety percent of them from Antarctica.,26,专业英语翻译理论,Floating on the oceans are 7,659 trillion metric tons of ice encased in 10,000 icebergs that break away from the polar ice caps, more than ninety percent of them from Antarctica.庖丁解牛。ice encased in 10,000 icebergs that break away from the polar ice caps, more than ninety percent of them from Antarctica.就近修饰原则。Layer 1: Ice encased in 10,000 icebergsLayer 2: icebergs that break away from the polar ice caps, icebergsmore than ninety percent of them from Antarctica.粗译：世界大洋里漂浮着7659万亿吨的冰。这些冰包含在10000多个冰山里。这些冰山从极地冰盖脱落而产生；多于90%的这些冰山来源于南极。,27,专业英语翻译理论,1.1.3 专业英语的修辞特点时态运用有限。过去研究过去时（与现在不发生联系）；讨论理论用现在时。Biofiltration technique for disposing ammonium-contaminated gas streams was investigated. 修辞手法较为单调。,28,专业英语翻译理论,逻辑性语法词使用普遍。如：表示原因的词：because, because of, due to, owing to, as, as a result, caused by, for表示语气转折的词：but, however, nevertheless, yet, otherwise表示逻辑、顺利连接的词：so, thus, therefore, furthermore, moreover, in addition to 表示限制的词：only, if only, except, besides, unless表示假设的词：suppose, supposing, assuming, provided, providingAerobic bacteria are very efficient in breaking down waste products. As a result, aerobic treatment usually yields better effluent quality than that obtained in anaerobic processes.,29,专业英语翻译理论,1.2 翻译的基本知识1.2.1 翻译标准严复天演论：信、达、雅忠实：译文必须忠实、正确地传达原文的内容。通顺：译文的语言必须规范、流畅、通俗易懂。,30,专业英语翻译理论,1.2.2 翻译的过程理解-表达翻译的理解过程通读全文，领会大意。明辨语法，弄清关系。结合上下文，推敲词义。,Aerobic means requiring the presence of free oxygen. Aerobic treatment of waste is the natural degradation and purification process in which bacteria that thrive in oxygen-rich environment break down and digest the the waste.,31,专业英语翻译理论, 翻译的表达过程a. 一稿初译，忠实为主。b. 二稿核对，注意逻辑。c. 三稿定局，润色词句。 翻译的方法 直译 意译,Aerobic means requiring the presence of free oxygen. Aerobic treatment of waste is the natural degradation and purification process in which bacteria that thrive in oxygen-rich environment break down and digest the the waste.,32,专业英语翻译理论,2. 词义的选择和引申2.1 词义的选择2.1.1 根据词类选择词义E.g.: like：像、同样的、喜欢、希望、如同 He would like to join our discussion. Things like air, water or metal are matter.Like charges repel, unlike charges attract.I hope that I can drive the tractor like you do.,33,专业英语翻译理论,2.1.2 根据词的搭配关系选择词义E.g.: operate: 操作、运转、完成、实施Thermal convection will not operated in zero gravity.Rockets operate in the vacuum of outer space as well as in the earth atmosphere.Transistors(晶体管) operate as control devices and amplifier.The electric computers can operate only according to instructions, which must be prepared by man in advance.,34,专业英语翻译理论,represent: 代表，表示、相当于，是、提供、阐述Inorganic flocculants represent nearly 20% of the total flocculants.The material referred to as “acid rain” represents the raindrops dissolved CO2 which have a pH of 5.6.,35,专业英语翻译理论,2.1.3 根据单、复数及习惯表达选择词义E.g.:The ability to do work is called energy. （功）This iron and steel works was set up last year. （工厂）The time for the water supply is cut by half.A is three times as large as B.2.1.4 语言习惯的转换 E.g.:Magnetism is used to measure the coldest temperature. (很低的）Light-colored things reflect more light than dark-colored things. （深、浅）,36,专业英语翻译理论,2.2 词义的引申2.2.1 单词的引申E.g.:Today is the link between yesterday and tomorrow. （桥梁）This kind of wood works easily. （加工）Within these broad categories, process differ according to the type of the drier(干燥机).The thicker the wire the more freely it will carry current. （容易）,37,专业英语翻译理论,2.2.2 词组的引申E.g.:Alloys belong to a half-way house between mixture and compounds. （中间结构） At present coal is the most common food of a steam plant. （能源） High concentrations of critical elements, such as lead, arsenic, mercury, may affect the human health. （微量）,38,专业英语翻译理论,3. 词类转换3.1 非动词译成动词E.g.:The control unit of a computer causes the machine to operate according to mans wish.计算机的控制单元使机器人按照人的意志运作。,39,专业英语翻译理论,3.1.1 名词转译为动词1.单独的名词用作动词（1）动名词、动词派生的名词，具有动作意义的名词可直接译为动词E.g.: In the absence of friction