材料导论课程教案课件.pptx
,材料导论,材料导论,教材：励杭泉编 “材料导论”, 轻工业出版社, 2000参考书：任选,教材：,一、什么是材料？,一、什么是材料？,What are materials?,Materials are the matter of the universe. These substances have properties that make them useful in structures, machines, devices, products, and systems.,材料是宇宙间可用于制造用品的物质。,What are materials? Materia,材料导论课程教案课件,聚丙烯短纤维,聚丙烯短纤维,塑料布,塑料布,材料导论课程教案课件,材料导论课程教案课件,材料导论课程教案课件,材料导论课程教案课件,材料导论课程教案课件,材料导论课程教案课件,材料导论课程教案课件,材料导论课程教案课件,门窗玻璃,门窗玻璃,材料导论课程教案课件,材料导论课程教案课件,材料导论课程教案课件,材料导论课程教案课件,材料导论课程教案课件,材料导论课程教案课件,汽车与高速公路,汽车与高速公路,铁路,铁路,二、材料发展史,二、材料发展史,材料的发展史=人类的文明史,石器时代- N万年前 2000BC青铜时代- 2000BC 500BC 铁器时代- 500BC 19世纪高分子时代 - 20世纪,材料的发展史=人类的文明史石器时代- N万年前 ,材料导论课程教案课件,非理性阶段（主要依靠工匠、艺人的经验技术）,非理性阶段（主要依靠工匠、艺人的经验技术）,石器,石,陶 器,陶 器,陶 器,陶 器,陶 器,陶 器,铜 器,铜 器,大 方 鼎,大 方 鼎,青 铜 器,越 王 宝 剑,青 铜 器越 王 宝 剑,编 钟,编 钟,铁 器,铁 器,铁 器,铁 器,理性化阶段,18世纪后，工业迅速发展，在物理学、化学、材料力学等学科的基础上，金属学、陶瓷学、高分子材料学应运而生。,理性化阶段 18世纪后，工业迅速发展，在物理学,蒸汽机,蒸汽机,1839年，美国人Goodyear 发现天然橡胶与硫磺共热后呈现奇特性能。,1839年，美国人Goodyear 发现天然橡胶与硫磺共热后,1887 年，Count Hilaire de Chardonnet用硝化纤维素的溶液进行纺丝，制得了第一种人造丝。,1887 年，Count Hilaire de Chardo,合成纤维,合成纤维,钢筋混凝土,钢筋混凝土,材料设计阶段,材料设计阶段,计算机设计,计算机设计,三、材料家族,三、材料家族,粉末金属,有色金属,钢铁,塑料,橡胶,粘合剂,涂料,纤维,陶瓷材料,玻璃,结晶陶瓷,碳材料,半导体,材料家族,金属材料高分子材料粉末金属有色金属钢铁塑料橡胶粘合剂涂料纤维,good conductors of electricity and heat,not transparent to visible light,polished metal surface has a lustrous appearance,quite strong, yet deformable,金属,强度高、延展性好,良导体,不透明,光滑表面有光泽,METALS,good conductors of electricity,The elements inherently metallic in nature,103Lw,97Bk,95Am,94Pu,93Np,92U,91Pa,67Ho,65Tb,1H,3Li,4Be,11Na,12Mg,5B,6C,7N,8O,9F,10Ne,13Al,14Si,15P,16S,17Cl,18Ar,19K,20Ca,21Sc,22Ti,23V,24Cr,25Mn,26Fe,27Co,28Ni,29Cr,30Zn,102No,101Md,100Fm,71Lu,70Yb,69Tm,68Er,66Dy,90Th,99Es,96Cm,98Cf,31Ga,32Ge,33As,34Se,35Br,36Kr,37Rb,38Sr,39Y,40Zr,41Nb,42Mo,43Tc,44Ru,45Rb,46Pd,47Ag,48Cd,49In,50Sn,51Sb,52Te,53I,54Xe,55Cs,56Ba,57La,72Hf,73Ta,74W,75Re,76Os,77Ir,78Pt,79Au,80Hg,81Tl,82Pb,83Bi,84Po,85At,86Rn,87Fr,88Ra,89Ac,58Ce,59Pr,60Nd,61Pm,62Sm,63Eu,64Gd,1A,IIA,IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA,O,VIIIB,IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB IB IIB,2He,The elements inherently metall,compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements金属与非金属元素的化合物,typically insulative to the passage of electricity and heat不良导体,more resistant to high temperatures and harsh environments耐高温、耐严酷环境,hard but very brittle硬而脆,Ceramics,陶瓷,compounds between metallic and,Electrical insulation,Thermal insulation,Chemical resistance,Magnetic inertness,Extremely light weight,Toughness,Transparency,Colorability,Polymers,电绝缘,热绝缘,磁惰性,化学惰性,重量轻,透明,韧性好,可染色,Electrical insulationThermal i,A composite material is a combination of two or more chemically different materials, having a distinct interface between them, which act together to produce a desired (tailored) set of properties. 不同材料的组合,Composites,A composite material is a comb,EXAMPLES OF COMPOSITES,EXAMPLES OF COMPOSITES,Semiconductors have electrical properties that are intermediate between the electrical conductors and insulators. 电性能介于导体与绝缘体之间,Furthermore, the electrical characteristics of these materials are extremely sensitive to the presence of minute concentrations of impurity atoms.电性能对杂质含量极为敏感,Semiconductors,半导体,Semiconductors have electrical,Biomaterials arc employed in components implanted into the human body for replacement of diseased or damaged body parts.,生物材料,用于制造人体植入物以取代染病或坏损部件的材料,Biomaterials,Biomaterials arc employed in c,ADVANCED MATERIALS先进材料,Materials that are utilized in high-technology applications are sometimes termed advanced materials.,在高技术中应用的材料,ADVANCED MATERIALSMaterials th,Lasers, integrated circuits, magnetic information storage, liquid crystal displays (LCDs), fiber optics, spacecraft, aircraft, and military rocketry and the thermal protection system for the space shuttle orbiter.,Examples of High-tech 高技术示例,激光、集成电路、磁记录、液晶显示、光导纤维、宇宙飞船、导弹、航天飞机,Lasers, integrated circuits, m,The properties of materials can be engineered by controlling the sizes of these building blocks in the 1-100 nm size range and their assembly.,纳米材料,The building blocks of these materials, be it metal, ceramic or polymers, are nanometer size particles.,Nanostructured Materials,The properties of materials ca,制药：大表面提高可溶性信息储存：颗粒小解离吸附：消毒太阳能电池：水解离纳米冰箱：绝热去磁,制药：大表面提高可溶性,四、材料科学与工程学科,四、材料科学与工程学科,MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING,involves the generation and application of knowledge relating the composition, structure, and the processing of materials to their properties and uses.,材料组成、结构、加工与材料性质、使用之间关系的发现与应用,MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERIN,材料科学与工程是在金属学、陶瓷学和高分子科学的基础上发展起来的,综合性学科不论什么材料，尽管种类不同，各有特点，但却具有很多相通的原理、共性和相似的研究、生产方法材料科学强调共性，强调各种材料之间的内在联系和相互借鉴。,材料科学与工程是在金属学、陶瓷学和高分子科学的基础上发展起来,材料科学与工程的学科性质,有别于物理学、化学、数学和力学等基础科学，是一门应用科学,材料科学与工程的学科性质有别于物理学、化学、数学和力学等基础,WHY STUDY MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING学习的目的,研究材料,设计材料,选择材料,WHY STUDY MATERIALS SCIENCE AN,Does the material possess the necessary mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties?是否具有所需的物理机械性能？,Can the material be formed to the desired shape?能否加工成型？,Will the properties of the material alter with time during service?性能是否随时间变化？,回答下列问题：,Does the material possess the,Will the material be adversely affected by the environmental conditions and resist corrosion and other forms of attack?环境对材料是否有不利影响？,Will the material be acceptable on aesthetic grounds?是否符合风俗习惯？,Will the material be adversely,Will the material give sufficient degree of reliability and quality?质量是否可靠？,Can the product be made at an acceptable cost?价格是否合适？,Can the product be recycled?能否回收利用？,Will the material give suffici,Processing加工, Structure结构, Properties性质, Performance性能,Processing加工 Structure结构 P,Properties,Mechanical,Electrical,Thermal,Magnetic,Optical,Deteriorative,Physical,性质,机械（力学）,热,电,磁,光,劣化（化学）,物理,PropertiesMechanicalElectrical,Materials are the matter of the universe. These substances have properties that make them useful in structures, machines, devices, products, and systems.,真实内涵：满足性能要求的用品中的物质,Materials are the matter o,完,完,材料的无限循环体系,材料的无限循环体系,原材料制取,材料环,原材料制取预加工生产制品服务期丢弃/回收工程化材料环,材料科学与工程的任务,主要任务是揭示材料成分、结构、制造工艺和性能之间的关系，并以此指导研制具有新性质、新功能的新材料极其应用。,材料科学与工程的任务主要任务是揭示材料成分、结构、制造工艺和,材料科学与材料工程的区别,材料科学：集中于认识材料的本质，提出有关的理论和描述，说明材料结构是如何与其成分、性能及行为相联系的。材料工程：瞄准基础科学和经验知识的综合和运用，以便发展、制备、改善和使用材料，满足具体需要。二者之间很难划出明确的界线，主要区别在于着眼点的不同或者说各自强调的中心不同。,材料科学与材料工程的区别材料科学：集中于认识材料的本质，提出,材料导论课程教案课件,材料导论课程教案课件,阻隔,阻隔,材料导论课程教案课件,奇妙的碳纳米管,奇妙的碳纳米管,最近，科学家正在致力于一种新型纳米材料-碳纳米管的研究，这是一种非常奇特的材料，它是石墨中一层或若干层碳原子卷曲而成的笼状纤维，内部是空的，外部直径只有几到几十纳米。这样的材料很轻，但很结实。它的密度是钢的1/6，而强度却是钢的100倍。用这样轻而柔软、又非常结实的材料做防弹背心是最好不过的了。如果用碳纳米管做绳索，是唯一可以从月球挂到地球表面，而不被自身重量所拉断的绳索。如果用它做成地球-月球乘人的电梯，人们在月球定居就很容易了。纳米碳管的细尖极易发射电子。用于做电子枪，可做成几厘米厚的壁挂式电视屏，这是电视制造业的发展方向。,最近，科学家正在致力于一种新型纳米材料-碳,材料导论课程教案课件,附录：,聚乙烯 PE 聚丙烯 PP聚苯乙烯 PS 聚氯乙烯 PVC聚偏氯乙烯 PVDC 聚四氟乙烯 PTFE聚丙烯酸甲酯 PMA 聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯 PMMA聚丙烯腈 PAN 聚醋酸乙烯酯 PVAC聚乙烯醇 PVA 聚异戊二烯 PI（NR主要成分）,附录：聚乙烯 PE 聚丙,
