材料专业英语有机物命名与聚合物命名课件.ppt
Special English for polymer science,Zeng xiaoping,整理课件,Special English for polymer sc,1.1 Saturated CnH2n+2(alkanes) ) UnbranchedThe first four members have semi-trivial names (俗名), Following the members of the series are given systematic names. In these names, the ending “ane” is combined with the Greek (Latin) numerical term for the number of C-atoms, in the chain.Methane CH4 Ethane C2H6Propane C3H8 Butane C4H10,整理课件,整理课件,整理课件,1Methane13Tridecane25Pentacosa,CnH2n+1 radicals (alkyls)CH4 methane; CH3methyl“ane”“yl”Butane butyl; propane propylPentane pentyl; hexane hexylHeptaneheptyl; octane octylNonanenonyl; decanedecyl,整理课件,整理课件,CnH2n radicals (1) “ane” “ylidene” (叉,亚基)H3C-CH= Ethylidene (乙叉,亚乙基)H3C-CH2-CH= Propylidene(亚丙基)(2) A divalent radical with two terminal yl(撑):“ane”“ylene”-CH2-: methylene; -CH2-CH2-: Ethylene (乙撑)(3) CnH2n-1 radicalsCH(ylidyne,次基,“川”)methylidyneCH3 Cethylidyne(次乙基,乙川),整理课件,CnH2n radicals 整理课件,b) BranchedSaturated branched acyclic hydrocarbon is named by (1) choosing the longest main chain; and (2) prefixing the designations of the side chains to the name of the main chain (in alphabetical order),取代基次序IUPAC规定依英文名第一字母次序排列。我国规定采用立体化学中“次序规则”:优先基团放在后面,如第一原子相同则比较下一原子。,Dimethylpentyl ethyl,3-ethyl-2,7-dimethyl-4-propyloctane,整理课件,b) Branched取代基次序IUPAC规定依英文名第一字,2,3,5-trimethylhexane,如何命名?,整理课件,如何命名?整理课件,1.2 Unsaturated 1.2.1 CnH2nAlkenes CnH2n-2AlkynesAlkanealkene(alkadiene) : “ane”“ene”(adiene)Alkanealkyne(alkadiyne) : “ane”“yne”(adiyne),2-pentene,1,3-pentadiene,2-hexyne,整理课件,整理课件,Retained trivial names H2C=CH2 Ethylene (ethene)HCCH Acetylene (ethyne),Isoprene (2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene),整理课件,Retained trivial namesIsoprene,2-Butenyl,2-Butynyl,H2C=CH- Vinyl (Ethenyl)H2C=CH-CH2- Allyl(2-Propenyl),整理课件,整理课件,Cyclic hydrocarbons在相同碳原子数的烷烃名称前面加“cyclo”(饱和单环化合物),整理课件,整理课件,Aromatic group,o-ortho, 邻位m-meta, 间位p-para, 对位,Phenyl,整理课件,整理课件,整理课件,整理课件,Ether (醚),Methyl phenyl ether 茴香醚,整理课件,整理课件,甲基异丙醚 甲基丙醚 methyl i-propyl ether methyl n-propyl ether,整理课件,甲基异丙醚,Alcohol (phenol) (醇,苯酚),Suffix for principal group, OH: -ol,H3COH: methanol (methyl alcohol)H3C-CH2OH: Ethanol (Ethyl alcohol),整理课件,整理课件,整理课件,整理课件,Ketone(酮),Suffix : one,整理课件,整理课件,Aldehyde(醛),Suffixes: -al, aldehyde,整理课件,整理课件,The atom =O and the group OH on one and the same carbon atom are together denoted by a suffix “-oic” attached to the name of the parent aliphatic chain and the word “acid ”is added thereafter,Carboxylic Acids,“ane”“anoicacid”,Hexane Hexanoic acid,整理课件,整理课件,常见有机酸在英文中常用俗名,系统名称反而不被采用。,Systematic names Trivial NamesMethanoic acid Formic acid (蚁酸)Ethanoic acid Acetic acid (醋酸)Propanoic acid Propionicacid (初油酸)Butanoicacid Butyricacid (酪酸)2-Methylpropanoic acid IsobutyricacidPentanoicacid Valericacid (缬草酸)3-Methylbutanoic acid Isovalericacid (异缬草酸)Hexanoicacid CaproicacidDodecanoicacid Lauricacid (月桂酸)Tetradecanoicacid Myristicacid (肉豆蔻酸)Hexadecanoicacid Palmiticacid (棕榈酸,软脂酸)Octadecanoicacid Stearicacid (硬脂酸),整理课件,Systematic names,Systematic names Trivial NamesEthanedioic acid Oxalicacid (草酸)Propanedioic acid Malonicacid (胡萝卜酸)Butanedioic acid Succinicacid (琥珀酸)Hexanedioic acid Adipicacid (肥酸,凝脂酸)Propenoic acid Acrylic acid (丙烯酸)Propynoic acid Propiolicacid (丙炔酸)cis-Butenedioic acidMaleicacid (马来酸)trans-Butenedioic acidFumaricacid (富马酸)Benzenecarboxylic acidBenzoic acid (安息香酸)Benzenehexacarboxylic acidMelliticacid (蜜石酸)Furancarboxylic acid Furoicacid (糠酸),整理课件,Systematic names Tri,b.The group COOH is treated as a complete substituent, denoted by the ending, “carboxylic acid”, which includes the carbon atom of the carboxyl group.-COOH: “carboxylic acid”,Cyclohexanecarboxylic acid,Benzenecarboxylic acid; Benzoic acid,整理课件,整理课件,Di (tri)carboxylic acids,1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid; Phthalic acid lik,1,4-Benzenedicarboxylic acid; Terephthalic acid,1,3,5-Benzenetricarboxylic acid; Trimesic acid (苯均三酸),整理课件,整理课件,Acid anhydrides“acid”“anhydride”(CH3CO)2O : Acetic anhydride;,Propionicanhydride;,(C6H5CO)2O Benzoic anhydride(C6H11CO)2O Cyclohexanecarboxylic anhydrideCH3CO-O-COCH2CH3 Ethanoicpropanoic anhydride,整理课件,整理课件,Ester (酯)The esters are named by the “yl/ate”method. First, the alcohol in the form of the hydrocarbon radical remaining after elimination of the OH-group is named, followed by the acid in its anion form. The procedure gives rise to a name of the form: radical + anion.,Alcohol (yl) + Acid (ate) (oicacid oate; icacid ate),整理课件,整理课件,CH3CH2CH2COOCH2CH3 Ethyl butanoate,Phenyl acetate,Dimethyl 1,2-benzenedicarboxylate,整理课件,整理课件,Carboxylic acid amides (酰胺)“oicacid”“amide”; “icacid”“amide”“Carboxylic acid”“carboxamide”,Propanamide; propionamide,Formamide,Acetamide,整理课件,整理课件,聚合物的命名(Nomenclature of Polymers)nomenclature 命名法,术语表科技论文(尤其涉及公式推导较多的文章)中,所用代号,公式较多,常在文章最后附录(Appendix)中加上一节“Nomenclature”,即“术语表”;,整理课件,整理课件,聚合物的命名特点(1) 不像无机或有机小分子有一套以其化学结构为基础的系统命名方法;目前:多种命名方法并存a) 基于结构的命名方法(Structure-based);b) 基于其组成来源的命名方法(Source-based);c) 商品名及一些约定俗成的命名方法(Trade name and nonnames),整理课件,整理课件,SI单位制:发展趋势聚合物命名:尽量避免使用商品名,以起到规范作用(2)上述几种方法使用都有其局限性,任何一种方法都不能用于严格定义所有聚合物而不出现歧义解决方法:国际纯粹与应用化学协会IUPAC(International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry)提出一套命名原则(最早在1972年),整理课件,整理课件,对于Single-strand polymer,IUPAC有一套基于聚合物结构的命名法,关键在于选择合适的组成重复单元(Constitutional Repeating Unit) CRU,这与高分子化学中所讲的重复单元不同如:,CRU = CH2,命名规则十分复杂,其基本思想是使所得CRU最简单。可参阅“IUPAC”命名规则,整理课件,对于Single-strand polymer,IUPAC有,a) 基于来源的命名法(Nomenclature based on source),特点:最简单,尤其适于由一种单体构成的聚合物命名:在单体名前加“poly”(中间不用space or hyphen相连)Eg. 乙烯 ethylene 聚乙烯 polyethylene乙醛 acetaldehyde聚乙醛 polyacetaldehyde,整理课件,整理课件,如果单体名是在母体上取代(Substituted parent name),或由多个单词组成或名字特别长,在“poly”以后加上圆括号Eg. 3-methyl-1-pentene poly(3-methyl-1-pentene) 3甲基1戊烯 聚(3甲基1戊烯),Vinyl chloride poly(vinyl chloride),整理课件,Vinyl chloride poly(vinyl chl,* 通常使用时,圆括号经常被省去,这样做是不合适的,有时会导致所命名的聚合物结构上不明确。,Eg: polyethylene oxide ,poly(ethylene oxide) ,或,(ethylene oxide),整理课件,* 通常使用时,圆括号经常被省去,这样做是不合适的,有时会导,有时采用“假想单体”如PVA(聚乙烯醇)poly(vinyl alcohol),poly(vinyl acetate),整理课件,有时采用“假想单体”poly(vinyl acetate)整,对于缩聚产物,如果只由一种单体反应而成,则命名方式相似。如由氨基酸(amino acid) 或羟基酸(hydroxyacid) 缩合而成的聚酰胺(polyamide) 或聚酯(polyester),6-aminocaproic acid (6-氨基己酸),也可命名为:poly(-caprolactam),* 这种方法也不可能给出唯一的命名,但使用简便,且大部分情况下可用。,整理课件,对于缩聚产物,如果只由一种单体反应而成,6-aminocap,NAMES OF POLYMERSNames are either (a) source-based or (b) structure-based.a) Source-based Names for Homopolymers.Generally the prefix poly is followed by the name of the monomer, e.g. polystyrene, polyacrylonitrile, polyformaldehyde, polypropene. If the name of the monomer consists of more than one word, as with esters, parentheses are employed, e.g. poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(vinyl chloride), poly(phenyleneoxide) (聚苯醚).,整理课件,整理课件,2.基于结构的命名法(Nomenclature based on structure),适用于一般的由两种不同单体形成的缩聚物。这是一种“半系统”(semi-systematic)的方法。(Non-IUPAC),整理课件,整理课件,命名规则如下:前缀poly+(母体名称结构分类名称)中间不用空格(space)或短线(hyphen)母体(parent compound)按聚合物结构特点分成不同类型,如:聚酯、聚酰胺等,然后找到该类聚合物的具体归属(即为哪一种酯,哪一种酰胺.),整理课件,整理课件,例1:己二胺(hexamethylene diamine)和癸二酸(sebacic acid)缩聚物,(1)前缀poly(2)找到聚合物对应于聚合物类型中的哪一种,以之为母体;己二胺癸二酸聚癸二酰己二胺对应于聚酰胺类中的癸二酰胺(sebacicacid sebacamide)将聚合物看作是癸二酰胺的取代衍生物,取代基为hexamethylene命名为poly(hexamethylene sebacamide),整理课件,例1:己二胺(hexamethylene diamine)和,例2. 乙二醇和对苯二甲酸的缩聚物(1)前缀poly(2)找到聚合物对应于聚合物类型中的哪一种,以之为母体;乙二醇对苯二甲酸聚乙二(醇)对应于聚酯类中的对苯二甲酸酯terephthalicacid terephthalate将聚合物看作是的对苯二甲酸酯取代衍生物,取代基为ethylene命名为 poly(ethylene terephthalate),整理课件,整理课件,例3:Nylon-66adipicacid + hexamethylenediaminepoly(hexamethylene adipamide),整理课件,整理课件,共聚物命名共聚物命名没有一个普遍接受的命名系统由于共聚物一般可分为无规、交替、嵌段、接枝四类,,无规共聚物(random copolymer )交替共聚物(Alternating copolymer ) 嵌段共聚物(Block copolymer ) 接枝共聚物(Graft copolymer ),整理课件,共聚物命名无规共聚物(random copolymer )整,无规Poly(A-co-B) (A-主单体;B-第二单体)Eg. Poly(styrene-co-methyl methacrylate)交替 Poly(A-alt-B)Eg. Poly(styrene-alt-maleic anhydride)嵌段Poly(A-b-B) (A,B单体聚合的次序)Eg. Poly(styrene-b-butadiene)接枝Poly(A-g-B) (A-主链单体;B-支链单体)Eg. Poly(styrene-g-methyl methacrylate,中间连接词,如:“co”,“alt”,“b”,“g”均用斜体(Italic script),整理课件,无规中间连接词,如:“co”,“alt”,“b”,“g”均用,有些期刊,如“Polymer International”建议采用下述方式:Poly (A-co-B)表明共聚物类型不明确Poly(A-ran-B) 无规共聚物Poly(A-alt-B) 交替共聚物Poly A-block-poly B 嵌段共聚物Poly A-graft-poly B 接枝共聚物,整理课件,整理课件,某些商品名或约定俗成的命名,即使不能反映聚合物结构的有关信息,仍然广为使用商品名:例1:由未取代(unsubstituted),无支化的(nonbranched)的脂肪族单体合成的聚酰胺称为“尼龙”Nylon-A,B A聚合物中二胺部分的亚甲基数目B聚合物中二酰基部分的碳原子数 Eg: Poly(hexamethyleneadipamide) Nylon-6,6 Poly(hexamethylenesebacamide) Nylon-6,10,3.商品名及约定俗成的命名(Trade names and Nonnames),整理课件,3.商品名及约定俗成的命名整理课件,例2:由一种单体形成的聚酰胺命名时,只需指明重复单元中碳原子的个数。Poly(-caprolactam) or poly(6-aminocaproic acid) nylon-6,其它:phenol + formaldehyde phenol-formaldehyde polymer, phenol-formaldehyde resin,phenoplast, phenolic resin,整理课件,整理课件,常见聚合物命名(1)常见杂链和元素有机聚合物类型Type 名称Polyamide 聚酰胺Polyester 聚酯Polyurethane 聚氨酯Polysiloxane 聚硅氧烷Phenol-formaldehyde 酚醛Urea-formaldehyde 脲醛polyureas 聚脲Polysulfide 聚硫Polyacetal 聚缩醛Polysulfone (polysulphone) 聚砜Polyether 聚醚,整理课件,整理课件,(2)常见聚合物命名名称 Name 缩写符号聚乙烯 polyethylene PE聚丙烯 polypropylene PP聚异丁烯 polyisobutylene PIB聚苯乙烯 polystyrene PS聚氯乙烯 poly(vinyl chloride) PVC聚偏二氯乙烯 poly(vinyl dichloride) PVDC聚氟乙烯 poly(vinyl fluoride) PVF聚四氟乙烯 poly(tetrafluroethylene) PTFE聚三氟氯乙烯 poly(triflurochloro ethylene) PCTFE聚丙烯酸 poly(acrylic acid) PAA,整理课件,整理课件,名称 Name 缩写符号聚丙烯酰胺 polyacrylamide PAM聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯 poly(methyl methacrylate) PMMA聚丙烯腈 poly(acrylonitrile) PAN 聚醋酸乙烯酯 poly(vinyl acetate) PVAc聚乙烯醇 poly(vinyl alcohol) PVA聚丁二烯 polybutadiene PB聚异戊二烯 polyisoprene PIP聚氯丁二烯 polychloroprene(polychlorobutadiene) PCP,整理课件,名称 Name,聚环氧乙烷:poly(ethylene oxide) / poly(oxyethylene)聚对苯二甲酸二乙酯(涤纶)poly(ethylene terephthalate) , terylon/dacron环氧树脂: epoxy resin 醇酸树脂: alkyd resin硅橡胶: silicon rubber/silastic;,整理课件,聚环氧乙烷:整理课件,专业词汇的发音Merriam-Webster Onlinehttp:/www.m- family; Sigma, Aldrich, Fluka, Supelco, and Riedel-de Han可查到以下化学药品的信息: FTIR、NMR、化学结构式,化学相关的有用网址,整理课件,专业词汇的发音化学相关的有用网址整理课件,化学药品的MSDS (Materials Safety Data Sheets)http:/,整理课件,化学药品的MSDS整理课件,聚合物相关专业词汇1. macromolecule, polymer 高分子,又称“大分子”2. supra polymer 超高分子3. natural polymer 天然高分子4. inorganic polymer 无机高分子5. organic polymer 有机高分子6. inorganic organic polymer 无机-有机高分子7. Organometallic polymer 金属有机聚合物8. element polymer 元素高分子9. Oligomer 低聚物, 齐聚物“,整理课件,整理课件,10. Dimer 二聚体11. Trimer 三聚体12. Prepolymer 预聚物13. regular polymer 规整聚合物14. irregular polymer 非规整聚合物15. Atacticpolymer 无规立构聚合物16. Isotacticpolymer 全同立构聚合物17. syndiotacticpolymer 间同立构聚合物18. heterotacticpolymer 无规立构聚合物19. stereoregularpolymer, tactic polymer有规立构聚合物,整理课件,10. Dimer,20. monodispersepolymer, uniform polymer 单分散聚合物21. polydispersepolymer, non-uniform polymer 多分散性聚合物22single-strand polymer 单股聚合物23. double-strand polymer 双股聚合物24. multi-strand polymer 多股聚合物25. carbon chain polymer 碳链聚合物26. Heterochain polymer 杂链聚合物27. heterocyclic polymer 杂环高分子,整理课件,整理课件,28. straight chain polymer 直链高分子29. linear polymer 线型聚合物30. three-dimensionalpolymer 体型聚合物, 又称“网络聚合物(network polymer)”、交联聚合物(crosslinkedpolymer) 。31. living polymer 活性高分子32. dendrimer, dendriticpolymer, tree polymer 树状高分子33. Branchedpolymer 支化聚合物34. hyperbranchedpolymer 超支化聚合物35. graft polymer 接枝聚合物,整理课件,整理课件,白川英树HeegerMacDiarmid,对导电聚合物的发现和发展(2000年诺贝尔奖)。,整理课件,白川英树HeegerMacDiarmid对导电聚合物,The synthetic polymers play an increasingly important role on a range of domains, which are synthesized by monomers through addition polymerization or condensation polymerization. Polyolefin and vinyl polymer have taken the lead in terms of the world consumption. PE, PP, etc. belong to the polyolefin, while PS, PVC etc. belong to the vinyl polymer. Polymers can be widely applied in plastics, rubbers, fibers, coatings, glues and so on.,整理课件,The synthetic polymers play an,