敦煌莫高窟(英文ppt介绍)课件.ppt

Do you know those photos？,Where is it ？,Follow me please !,版权所有 仅供参考 - 孤夜寒飞,Mogao Caves 莫高窟,25km,敦煌市东南部25公里处，鸣沙山上,Mogao Caves（莫高窟）,TheMogao CavesorMogao Grottoes(莫高窟), also known as theCaves of the Thousand Buddhas (千佛洞), form a system of 492 temples 25km southeast of the center ofDunhuang, an oasis（绿洲） strategically（战略上） located at a religious and cultural crossroads on theSilk Road（丝绸之路）, inGansu province,China. The caves may also be known as theDunhuang Caves, however, this term also include other Buddhist cave sites in the Dunhuang area, such as the Western Thousand Buddha Caves, and the Yulin Caves farther away. The caves contain some of the finest examples ofBuddhist art（佛教艺术）spanning a period of 1,000 years.,敦煌石窟,敦煌石窟中国甘肃敦煌一带的石窟总称。包括敦煌莫高窟、西千佛洞、榆林窟、东千佛洞及肃北蒙古族自治县五个庙石窟等,The first caves were dug out 366 AD as places of Buddhist meditation and worship. The Mogao Caves are the best known of theChinese Buddhist grottoes and, along withLongmen Grottoes（龙门石窟）andYungang Grottoes（云冈石窟）, are one of the three famous ancient Buddhist sculptural sites of China,中国三大石窟,Longmen Grottoes,Yungang Grottoes,Mogao Grottoes,敦煌莫高窟,History,Dunhuang was established as a frontier（边界） garrison(要塞）outpost by the Han DynastyEmperor Wudito protect against theXiongnuin 111 BC. It also became an important gateway to the West, a centre of commerce（商业）along theSilk Road（丝绸之路）, as well as a meeting place of various people and religions such asBuddhism（佛教）,The construction of the Mogao Caves near Dunhuang is generally taken to have begun sometime in the fourth century AD. According to a book written during the reign of TangEmpress Wu,Fokan Ji(佛龕记) by Li Junxiu (李君修), a Buddhist（佛教的）monk（和尚） named L Zn (樂尊) had a vision of a thousandBuddhas( 佛陀）bathed in golden light at the site in 366 AD, inspiring him to build a cave here.,The story is also found in other sources, such as in inscriptions（碑文） on astele（石碑）in cave 332, an earlier date of 353 AD however was given in another document .He was later joined by a second monk Faliang (法良), and the site gradually grew, by the time of theNorthern Liang（北凉）a small community of monks had formed at the site. Members of the ruling family ofNorthern WeiandNorthern Zhouconstructed many caves here, and it flourished （兴盛）in the short-livedSui Dynasty. By theTang Dynasty, the number of caves had reached over a thousand.,During the Tang Dynasty, Dunhuang had became the main hub of commerce（主要的商业中心） of the Silk Road and a major religious centre. A large number of the caves were constructed at Mogao during this era（年代）, including the two large statues of Buddha/ bud/（佛像）at the site, the largest one constructed in 695 following an edict(法令，布告） a year earlier by Tang EmpressWu Zetian（武则天）to build giant（巨大的）statues across the country. The site escaped the persecution of Buddhists ordered byEmperor Wuzongin 845 as it was then under Tibetan control. As a frontier town, Dunhuang had been occupied at various times by other non-Han Chinese people.,After the Tang Dynasty, the site went into a gradual decline(衰落）, and construction of new caves ceased （中断）entirely after theYuan Dynasty. Islam（伊斯兰教） had conquered（战胜，征服；攻克）much of Central Asia, and the Silk Road declined（衰退） in importance when trading via （通过）sea-routes began to dominate /dmineit /（控制）Chinese trade with the outside world,During the Ming Dynasty, the Silk Road was finally officially abandoned, and Dunhuang slowly became depopulated（人口减少） and largely forgotten by the outside world. Most of the Mogao caves were abandoned, the site however was still a place of pilgrimage（/pilrimid /朝圣之地） and used as a place of worship（朝拜）by local people at the beginning of the twentieth century when there was renewed interest in the site.,Caves,The caves were cut into the side of a cliff （ 悬崖；绝壁）which is close to two kilometers long. At its height during the Tang Dynasty, there were more than a thousands caves, but over time, many of the caves were lost, including the earliest caves 735 caves currently exist in Mogao, the best-known ones are the 487 caves located in the southern section of the cliff which are places of pilgrimage（朝拜 ） and worship,248 caves have also been found to the north which were living quarters（住处）, meditation chambers（冥想室 ） and burial sites（土葬） for the monks. The caves at the southern section are decorated, while those at the northern section are mostly plain（朴素）.,The caves are clustered（聚合） together according to their era, with new caves from a new dynasty being constructed in different part of the cliff,Murals（壁画；壁饰 ）,The murals on the caves spanned a long period of history, from the 5th to the 14th century The murals are largely of Buddhist theme, some however are of traditional mythical miikl themes（传统神话主题） and portraits（画像） of patrons （赞助人）,Early murals showed a strong Indian and Central Asian influence in the painting techniques used,A distinct Dunhuang style （截然不同的的敦煌风格）however began to emerge（浮现） during Northern Wei Dynasty,the murals of the Mogao Caves,Xuanzang performing ceremonies for the Buddha 敦煌壁画中的唐僧礼佛图,Cave 409, Western Xia,Worshipping Bodhisattva, cave 285, Wei Dynasty.,Dancer, cave 220, early Tang Dynasty.,Wife of Dunhuang ruler Cao Yanlu,Cave 61, Five Dynasties.,LateTang,The mural commemorating（纪念）victory of Zhang Yichao over the Tibetans,Cave 156,Bandit attacks 强盗袭击,Bodhisattvas 菩萨 budistv,Worshipping（朝拜)Bodhisattva, cave 285, Wei Dynasty.,The travel ofZhang Qianto the West,Sakyamuni 释迦牟尼 s:kjmuni,最大的壁画五台山图 宋代,长 13.45米,高3.42米,飞天壁画,Sculptures（雕塑；雕像）,There are around 2,400 surviving clay sculptures at Mogao. These were first constructed on a wooden frame（框架）, padded with reed, then modelled （模型）in clay stucco（粘土）, and finished with paint The early sculptures were based on Indian and Central Asian （中亚）prototypes（原型）with some inGreco-Indian（印度希腊王国）style ofGandhara（古印度）. Over time the sculptures showed more Chinese elements（中国元素） and became gradually sinicized （中国化）,敦煌莫高窟佛像（让我们来看看佛像演变）,盛唐的彩塑,菩萨 天王,菩萨 第45窟龛北侧 盛唐,迦叶 第427窟中心柱南龛 隋代,力士 第194窟龛南侧 盛唐,欢喜金刚,阿难 第45窟龛南侧 盛唐,427窟 佛菩萨 隋,432窟 菩萨 .西魏,420 窟 菩萨 . 隋,419窟 菩萨阿难 隋,384窟 供养菩萨 盛唐,328窟 阿难 初唐,322窟 天王 初唐,55窟 力士 宋,45窟 菩萨阿难 盛唐,432窟 中心柱佛龛 西魏,彩塑一铺 第45窟 盛唐,45窟 迦叶 盛唐,96号窟，俗称九层楼,莫高窟第一大佛像 弥勒佛,高33米,130窟 弥勒像莫高窟的第二大佛像,高26米,158窟的卧佛,莫高窟旺季内宾160元，外宾180元（其中20元为讲解费）莫高窟淡季内宾80元，外宾100元莫高窟开放时间9:0017:00 交通: 客车 去莫高窟可以从敦煌做中巴前往，票价8元，单趟。早 8：30左右发车，至下午7,8点。每半小时一趟。 最佳旅游时间每年的5月至10月是最佳的旅游季节,根据国家有关规定，中国公民下列情况参观者优惠参观或免费参观： 1）优惠参观:大、中、小大校学生含在中国学习的留学生及60-65岁老人实行半价优惠，凭学生证和身份证购取优惠票。 2）免费参观：（凭有效证件办理免费参观手续） 65岁以上老人凭本人身份证 离休干部凭本人离休证 由父母带领的1.4米以下的中外儿童 中小学生集体参观凭介绍信 现役军人（含武警）凭军官证和士兵证 残疾人凭残疾证 导游凭导游证 教师教师节凭教师证,旅游须知:1.为了保护壁画，在莫高窟内参观时，只能用手电筒观看，每位导游带一个手电筒，如果您为了更好地观看，可以自备一个三节电池的手电。建议使用冷光手电筒。2.由于各种相机的闪光灯对文物均有非常大的破坏，请在进莫高窟参观之前确定不把相机带入！为了我们中华民族的瑰宝，谢谢所有人的合作！3.甘肃敦煌研究院日前获赠两套人脸通门禁系统，将用于莫高窟 景区。据了解，人脸通门禁系统功能性极强，可以用于身份识别、防拆报警等，将用在莫高窟需要提高防卫的地方，有效提高莫高窟的安全等级。,Thank you,