大学英语四级作文讲解ppt课件.ppt

大学英语四六级写作辅导 Writing for CET4/6,提纲,1.大纲对四级作文的要求2.四级评分原则和标准3.四级作文常考题型 4.写作对策 5.常用过渡词语 6. 常用句型,大学英语四六级作文评分标准,（注：虽然现在作文不是15分满分，但作文分值仍然占整卷的20%左右） 2分条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。5分基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。8分基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。11分切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。14分切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性好。基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。(注: 白卷, 作文与题目毫不相关, 或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想,则给0分。),评分原则,1、检查考生是否达到大学英语教学大纲规定的四级教学要求。2、采用总体评分（Global Scoring)方法 阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分（reward scores),而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。3、 从内容和语言两方面对作文进行综合判断。作文应表达题目所规定的内容。评分要考虑文章是否切题，是否清楚而合适地表达思想，语言错误是否造成理解障碍。,评分标准（按百分制评判）,1、满分15分2、阅卷标准分五等：2分，5分，8分，11分，14分3、档次评分标准 2分， 5分， 8分， 11分，14分,2分一塌糊涂,条理不清，思想紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。 Nowdays, Social appeared more more free Admissions to museums. its in order to people wasted money. In adition, rich in peoples life and increase more knowldeges But some people thought free Adimssions to museums have brought much problems. In hand, a plenty of people visited,5分糊里糊涂,基本切题，表达思想不清楚，连贯性差，有较多严重语言错误。 In order to enrich the culture of people, more and more musuems were provided free admissions. Somebody thought it would take some problems like that. The first, because of free admissions of Museums were attracted a large numbers of people who interested in all around the world. And those who take part in effected the traffic crowed around the museums, even though affected people who live in next to the museum life,8分马马虎虎,基本切题。 有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，有一些是严重错误。 There is an interesting and attractive picture which goes like this: More and more museums are free for people. They want more people go to museums. But some people argue that it make some trouble for free for people. The reason is the economy of the museums would be worse than before. Worst of all, it may take a mess for more people come to the museums.,11分清清楚楚,切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误 Now more and more museums are free without charge to the public. Does that make any sense? Free admission to museums helps us save money, but it also encourages us to go to museums to learn something else and get more knowledge. This contributes to improve the living level of the public. It can certainly let us know more about our country and the world, which has a good effect on our development. Every coin has two sides. It can also bring some problems. For example,14分漂漂亮亮,切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺、连贯，基本上无语言错误。Example,Free Admission to Museums?,越来越多的博物馆现在免费向公众开放,目的是有人认为这样做会带来一些问题在我看来,Nowadays, more and more museums are open to the public for free. Free admissions to museums will motivate peoples interests in history, arts and science. In this way, museums can provide people with easier access to knowledge, which is of vital importance for the whole nation.,However, some people hold that free admissions to museums can bring about many problems. Since anybody can enter a museum without paying, the museum can be overcrowded and it will be a difficult job for museums to maintain their collections. Besides, museums will face financial problems since they cant make profits from the admission fee. Due to the decrease in profits, museums have less motivation to up-date their collections and out-of-date museums cant avoid the fate to close up in the long run.,In my opinion, free admissions to museums are good for the public, but on the other hand they may pose problems to the museum management. Governments should provide help to museums and guide them to serve the public better.,：写作,三段落式(TS) 切题语言连贯 语言第一位 结构第二位 内容第三位,英语四、六级写作基本文体,首先要指出的是，四、六级作文在准备和对策上是基本一致的，因为两者评分标准基本一致，除了字数上的差距，四级120词，六级150词。英语考试的作文大体可以分为：1、正反论证2、原因现象描述类；3、图表；4、名言谚语。5、信件。所谓的写信，无非就是在这四类的基础上，套用信件的格式而已。,大纲对四级作文的要求,要求应试者在30分钟内写出一篇不少于120个词的短文写作命题源于日常生活和有关科技、社会文化等方面的一般常识，不涉及知识面过广、专业性太强的内容。其命题方式有：给出题目、或规定情景、或给出段首句续写、或给出关键词写短文、或看图作文。要求内容切题，文理通顺，表达正确，语义连贯，无重大语言错误。,1、主题句原则,主题句通常放在句首To begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam（主题句）. Without sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly.,2、阐述观点的一二三原则,（1）first, second, third, last（不推荐，原因：俗）（2）firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally（不推荐，原因：俗）（3）the first, the second, the third, the last（不推荐，原 因：俗）（4）in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly（不推荐，原因：俗）（5）to begin with, then, furthermore, finally（强烈推荐）（6）to start with, next, in addition, finally（强烈推荐）（7）first and foremost, besides, last but not least（强烈推荐）（8）most important of all, moreover, finally（9）on the one hand, on the other hand（适用于两点的情况）（10）for one thing, for another thing（适用于两点的情况）,2. 各种题型的写作方法。 对比选择型：基本方法为：阐述一种观点或态度并表明这种观点或态度正确的理由;阐述第二种(相对或相反的)观点或态度并说明这种观点或态度正确的理由;表明个人支持或反对以上观点或态度，并说明原因。 现象解释型：基本方法为：描述现象分析原因对现象做出预测或如何促进(限制)这种现象的进一步发展。 问题解决型：基本方法为：提出问题分析问题解决问题。 观点论证型：基本方法为：分析主题得出结论举例论证得出结论(证明观点的正确性)。应用文基本方法为：分析所给情景选择写作方法。,三段式作文的结构安排,作文题型：1）现象解释型这类作文多为图表式作文，说明文体裁。这类命题要求考生对某一社会现象进行解释，并加以评论。基本模式：第一段解释现象；第二段解释或阐述这种现象产生或存在的原因；第三段提出建议或总结观点。,2）对比选择型这类作文多为提纲式作文，议论文体裁。通常首先论述相反的两个观点，或分析评论某一社会现象的优缺点。然后给出自己的见解和看法。基本模式：第一段论述一些人对某一事物或现象的看法，或某一事物的优点；第二段论述另外一些人对此的看法，或某一事物的缺点；第三段表明自己的观点,3）问题解决型这类作文一般为提纲式作文，说明文体裁。通常首先提出一个有待解决的问题，然后要求考生就该问题提出解决方法、途径，有时还要求考试最后谈论适合自己的方法。基本模式：第一段提出问题或阐述某件事情的重要性或意义；第二段列举说明处理某事的方式或解决某个问题的途径；第三段针对第二段所阐述的方法给予简要的评论，也可以提出个人的建议或选择，并阐述理由。此题型的写作重点在How，即解决问题的办法。,4）观点论证型这类作文多为提纲式作文，议论文体裁。通常是围绕某一事物或观点进行论证，有时以格言或谚语为议论对象，要求考试提供论据加以说明。在写这类作文时，尤其要注意的是，在表明自己的观点时，要清楚明白，不能含含糊,5）应用文在四级考试中，出现频率比较高的应用文体有：个人简历、求职信、求学信、询问信、推荐信、表扬信、感谢信、投诉信、邀请信等。该文体的文章对格式的要求比较严格，常分三段来写：开头，正文，结尾。开头：介绍写信的原因，最近的情况。正文：写信的具体内容。结尾：期待盼望的话或再次提醒。,议论文写作的基本模式,从2006年6月四级改革以来，议论文已经成为四级作文的绝对主流，无论是学生还是老师，都对此类题目进行了充分的准备。对于这种类型的文章，写作框架如下： 第一段：现象背景介绍+引出话题（公众观点+大概理由）；第二段：关于话题的相关因素（影响，作用，好处，危害或原因等）；第三段：陈述自己观点或预期未来。 组成一篇文章的三要素是：结构，内容和语言。对于此类型的文章，同学们是很难在结构上略胜一筹的； 至于具体内容，也完全不需要推陈出新，因为批卷老师是完全没有时间仔细看理由的。所以，如何体现我们的写作能力和文章价值，关键在于文章遣词造句的质量。 此类文章的高分原则为：第一，在文章中必须有五个左右的衔接词，来体现逻辑性。第二，用词尽量避免重复，体现语言的灵活和升级。第三，尽量使用非陈述句式，如倒装、被动、虚拟语气及插入语等。,辩论式议论文模版1,Some people believe (argue, recognize, think) that 观点1. But other people take an opposite side. They firmly believe that 观点2. As for me, I agree to the former/latter idea. There are a dozen of reasons behind my belief. First of all, 论据1. More importantly, 论据2. Most important of all, 论据3. In summary, 总结观点. As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心.或:From above, we can predict that 预测.,辩论式议论文模版2,People hold different views about X. Some people are of the opinion that 观点1, while others point out that 观点2. As far as I am concerned, the former/latter opinion holds more weight.For one thing, 论据1.For another, 论据2.Last but not the least, 论据3.To conclude, 总结观点. As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心.或 From above, we can predict that 预测.,辩论式议论文模版3,There is no consensus of opinions among people about X(争论的焦点)。Some people are of the view that 观点1，while others take an opposite side, firmly believing that 观点2。As far as I am concerned, the former/latter notion is preferable in many senses. The reasons are obvious.First of all, 论据1。Furthermore, 论据2。Among all of the supporting evidences, one is the strongest. That is, 论据3。A natural conclusion from the above discussion is that总结观点。As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心. 或 From above, we can predict that 预测.,话题,.大学生话题大学生话题：主要涉及大学生的校园学习、生活、择业及人生观等方面A.学习：On Students Selecting Lecturers （2006, 6 New）Is A Test of Spoken English Necessary？ （2000, 6）How I Finance My College Education？ （2000, 1）Reading Selectively or Extensively？ （1999, 6）How I Overcame My Difficulties in Learning English？ （1992, 6）B.生活：Volunteers Needed （2006, 6 Old）Teachers Day （2005, 6）A Campaign Speech（2005, 1）The Day My Classmate Fell Ill/Got Injured（2003,9）A Letter to the University President about the Canteen Service on Campus.（2002, 1）C.择业、人生观：How to Succeed in a Job Interview （2001, 1）Advantages of a Job Interview（1995, 6）My Ideal Job （1994, 6）Is Failure a Bad Thing？ （1992, 1）,. 社会热点话题社会热点话题：与普通百姓社会生活紧密相关的话题，如：环境话题、交通话题、休闲娱乐、疾病与健康等话题。An Eye-Witness Account of a Traffic Accident（2003, 6） It Pays to Be Honest （2003, 1）Dont Hesitate to Say “No”（1999, 1）Do “Lucky Numbers” Really Bring Good Luck？ （1998, 6）Harmfulness of Fake Commodities （1998, 1）Global Shortage of Fresh Water （1996, 6）Can Money Buy Happiness？ （1995, 1）The World is Getting Smaller and Smaller （1994, 1）My Most Favorite Program（1993, 6）Positive and Negative Aspects of Sports （1993, 1）Changes in Peoples Diet（1991, 6）Bicycles An Important Means of Transport in China （1991, 1）Make Our City Greener（1990, 6）.大学生和社会热点话题Should the University Campus Be Open to Tourist？（2005, 12）The Two-Day Weekend（1996, 1）,1. 正反观点型：要不要取消春晚（2006，12）大学校园是否要开放（2005，12），口语考试要不要考（2000，6），精读还是泛读（1999，6），幸运数字带不带来好运（1998，6）钱能带来幸福与否（1995，1），对失败的态度（1992，1）优缺点型：娱乐活动的益处和坏处（2008.6）双休日带来的好处和坏处（1996，1）面试的优点（1995，6）2. 原因现象分析题：选择选修课的因素（2007，12）选择大学任课教师（2006，6new），做人要诚实（2003，1），不要犹豫说“不”的原因等（1999，1）假冒伪劣产品（1998，1），纯净水的短缺（1996，6），世界越来越小（1994，1）我最喜爱的电视节目及原因（1993，6），自行车流行原因与汽车相比优缺点及前途（1991，1），绿化城市的好处和如何实现（1990 ,1)3. 解决问题型：怎样取得面试成功（2001，1），怎样支付大学学费（2000，1），怎样了解社会的途径（1997，6），我的理想工作及如何准备（1994，6），怎样克服英语学习中的困难（1992，6）图表：大学生使用计算机（2002，6），人们饮食的变化（1991，6）4. 信件：欢迎加入社团（2007，6）招募志愿者活动辞(2006,6)，给老师的感谢信（2005，6），竞选学生会的演讲稿（2005，1），导游介绍（2004，1），建议朋友报考专业信（2003，12），帮助同学的感想（2004，1），食堂投诉信（2002，1），同学来访度假安排信（2001，6）5. 谚语题：熟能生巧（1997，1）描写文：车祸情况描述和原因分析文（2003，6）,结构：常用的“启、承、转、合”表达方法,1 “启”。按顺序：First, Firstly, First of all, At first, In the first place, In the beginning, To begin with, To start with, For one thing, On the one hand当前：Now, At present, recently, lately,一般而言：In general, generally speaking, as a matter of fact2 “承”。按顺序：second, secondly, beside this, in addition, furthermore, moreover, what is more, 举例子：for example/instance, as an example, as another example; namely,换言之：in other words, in particular,扩展：after that, afterwards, from now on, similarly, meanwhile, at the same time, 3“转”。转折：but, yet, however, nevertheless, though, although, despite, in spite of, on the contrary, unlike, on the other hand, 4 “合”。结尾: In conclusion; In short; In summary; Therefore; Thus; To sum up; To conclude; consequently, To summarize; Briefly; Above all; As a result; at last; eventually; accordingly;,语言：1. 词汇替换,认为：assume / argue / hold / claim / suggest / declare / say / believe / insist/ maintain /suppose that in my opinion/in my view/in my point of view/as far as I know/as far as Im concerned/ as for me重要的：important/significant/be of great value/be of great significance/be of great use很多：many, a multitude of, an army of, an ocean of , A great / large / huge / considerable / significant / noticeable number / amount/ quantity / portion of越来越多 more and more/ a growing number of /an increasing number of/on the rise大多的：the (vast / overwhelming) majority of 人：people-folks, individuals, characters支持/反对者：followers/ objectors, be in favor of the idea that,2. 插入语,Apparently，evidently，however, surely, indeed, briefly, fortunately ,amazingly， undoubtedly most important of all ,even worse ,strange enough, after all, to ones surprise, to be exact, roughly speaking, in other words, as a matter of fact,3. 具体化,generous, humorous, interesting, smart, gentle, warm hearted, hospitablegood：favorable, pleasurable, excellent, outstanding, perfect, etc.bad：unfavorable, harmful, adverse, poisonous ,etc.,写作对策,1、内容要紧扣主题，涵盖提示要点 要审准题看清题目、提纲、图画、表 格，扣紧题目写就不会出现大问题 注意：1.不要妄图以情动人； 2.不要妄图在构思上出奇制胜。,2.结构上要层次清晰,结构上牢记总分总：先写主题句(Topic Sentence)，再写分论点，最后写总结句(Conclusion)。 分段文章结构的关键 引言段扩展段结尾段 引言段要包含中心句；扩展段每段应有主题；结尾段自然收尾 开头空出相同字符数空格；题目不必重抄；段与段之间不必空行,3. 语言上要表达流畅，无重大语病，句式有一定的变化。 1）避免重大的语言错误。每完成一篇作文，应从单词拼写、动词时态、名词单复数、形容词、副词比较级别、固定搭配、介词用法等方面进行检查。,4.卷面整洁，安排合理,1.用笔的颜色(深蓝色使人心情放松愉快) 2.粗细(粗线条给人以安全感)， 3.整齐划一的格式(段首一律空两个手指)， 4.明了的段落感(每段空一行)， 5.清晰的字数感(一行以8-10字为宜)， 6.工整干净的卷面（没有黑粑粑， 涂改用短横杠） 7.作文的排版应该不多于2/3，不少于1/3， 要留有余地，不要将卷面写得密密麻麻。,英语四级作文中常用过渡语,表示列举的方法,First of all/Above all, secondly, moreoverIn the first place, in the second place, furthermore/whats moreTo begin(start) with, secondly, in additionFor one thing, for another thing, for still another thing,表示举例说明的过渡语,For example, for instance, for one thing, to illustrate, as an illustration, a case in point, Lets take as an example. Take for example. is a typical example of is a typical/proper case in point.,表示递进关系的过渡语,In addition, furthermore, moreover, besides, also, whats moreNot only, but also, similarly, Another is is another is also a factor.,表示对比对照的过渡语,In contrast, by contrast, on the other hand,in comparison, on the contrary, unlike, like, contrary to, whereas, while, conversely, differ/vary greatly/vastly fromDifferent from,表示因果关系的过渡语,Because of, on account of, due to, owing to, thanks to, for, because, since, as, for this reasonTherefore, so, as a result, consequently, in consequence, accordingly, hence, thusThe reasons why/for are/lie in results in result from,表示结论的过渡语,To sum up, to conclude, to summarizeIn sum, in summary, in conclusion, in all, in a word, in short, in briefSo, therefore, thusWe can come to the conclusion that A conclusion can be reached that,表示转折的过渡语,Though, although, however, nevertheless, nonetheless, even thoughLets look at the other side of the coin.As everything has two sides, we should not neglect the other side of the coin.Just as there are two sides of a coin,.,归纳总结概括全文，得出结论,All in allIn a word As for me In my opinionPersonally, I think /believeAs far as I am concerned,英语四级作文八种常用句型,一.原因,1. A number of factors might contribute to (lead to )(account for ) the phenomenon(problem). 2. The answer to this problem involves many factors. 3. The factors that contribute to this situation include. 4. The change in .largely results from the fact that. 5. One of the most common factors (causes ) is that . 6. Another contributing factor (cause ) is . 7. Perhaps the primary factor is that 8. But the fundamental cause is that,二.比较,1.The advantages far outweigh the disadvantages. 2.The advantages of A are much greater than those of B. 3.For all the disadvantages, it has its compensating advantages. 4.Like anything else, it has its faults. 5.A and B have several points in common. 6. A and B differ in several ways. 7. Evidently, it has both negative and positive effects. 8. People used to think ., but things are different now.,三.批驳,1)It is true that ., but one vital point is being left out. 2) Some people say ., but it does not hold water. 3) Many of us have been under the illusion that. 4) A close examination would reveal how ridiculous the statement is. 5) It makes no sense to argue for . 6) Too much stress placed on . may lead to . 7) Such a statement mainly rests on the assumption that . 8) Contrary to what is widely accepted, I maintain that .,四.后果,1. It may give rise to a host of problems. 2. The immediate result it produces is . 3. It will exercise a profound influence upon. 4. Its consequence can be so great that.,五.举例,1) A good case in point is . 2) As an illustration, we may take . 3) Such examples might be given easily. 4) .is often cited as an example.,六.证明,1) No one can deny the fact that . 2) The idea is hardly supported by facts. 3) Unfortunately, none of the available data shows . 4) Recent studies indicate that . 5) There is sufficient evidence to show that . 6) According to statis