口译技能要点称谓口译 谚语口译和数字口译ppt课件.ppt

口译技能要点Interpreting Skills in Focus ,称谓口译Interpreting Terms of Address and Titles 在外事接待活动中，议员首先面临的一道难题是称谓的翻译。称谓代表了一个人的职位，职衔或学衔，体现了一个人的资历和地位。称谓的误译不仅是对有关人员的不尊重，而且也会产生种种不良的后果。称谓的准确翻译其关键在于对有关人员的身份及其称谓的表达是否有一个正确的理解，尤其是对称谓语地认识。一个称谓语很可能表示多种身份，例如，英语的头衔语是president.,译成汉语是可视具体情况分别译作共和国的总统，国家主席，大学的校长，学院的院长，,口译技能要点,称谓口译,学会或协会的会长或主席，公司的总裁或董事长等等。一般说来，各类机构或组织的首长其汉语称谓译成汉语时虽可套用通用的词head ，但从比较严格的意义上看，应使用特定的，规范的称谓语例如校长（大学）:President of Beijing University校长（中小学）:Principal/headmaster of Donghai Middle School 院长（大学下属）:Dean of the Graduate School 系主任（大学学院下属）：Chair /Chairman of the English Department 会长/主席（学/协会）：President of the Student Union, Shanghai University 厂长（企业）：Director of the Machine Tools,Manufacturing Plant 院长（医院）： Director of Huadong Hospital 主任（中心）：Director of the Business center 主任（行政）：Director of Foreign Affairs Office 行长（银行）：President of the Bank for International Settlements 董事长（企业）：Chairman of the Board of Directors 董事长（学校）：Chairman of the Board of Trustees 首席长官的汉语称谓常以“总”表示，而表示首席长官的英语称谓语则常带有chief,general, head, managing这类词，因此当翻译冠以“总”字的头衔时，须尊选英语头衔的表达习惯：,总书记general secretary 总工程师chief engineer 总会计师chief accountant 总建筑师chief architect 总编辑chief editor; editor-in-chief; managing editor 总出纳chief cashier; general cashier 总裁判chief referee 总经理general manager; managing director; executive head 总代理general agent 总教练head coach 总导演head director 总干事secretary-general; commissioner,总指挥commander-in-chief; generalissimo 总领事consul-general 总监chief inspector; inspector-general; chief impresario 总厨head cook; chef 有些部门或机构的首长或主管的英译，可以一些通用的头衔词表示，例如下列机构的负责人可以用director,head或chief来表示司（部署）department 厅（省属）department 署（省属）office（行署为administrative office ）局bureau 所institute 处division,科section 股section 室office教研室program /section 例：局长director of the bureau, head of the bureau, bureau chief 国务院the State Council属下的部分ministry，所以部长叫做minister。另外，公署专员叫做commissioner，其办事机构叫做“专员公署”，英语为prefectural commissioners office。 汉语中表示副职的头衔一般都冠以“副”字，英译时需视词语的固定搭配或表达习惯等情况，可选择vice, associate, assistant, deputy等词。 相对而言，vice使用面较广，例如：,科section 股section 室office教研室program /section 例：局长director of the bureau, head of the bureau, bureau chief 国务院the State Council属下的部分ministry，所以部长叫做minister。另外，公署专员叫做commissioner，其办事机构叫做“专员公署”，英语为prefectural commissioners office。 汉语中表示副职的头衔一般都冠以“副”字，英译时需视词语的固定搭配或表达习惯等情况，可选择vice, associate, assistant, deputy等词。 相对而言，vice使用面较广，例如：,副总统（或大学副校长等）vice president ）副主席（或系副主任等）vice chairman 副总理 vice premier 副部长vice minister 副省长vice governor 副市长vice mayor 副领事vice consul 副校长（中小学）vice principal 行政职务的复职头衔与学术头衔的“副”职称往往用不同的词表达，最为常见的英语词是associate，例如：副教授associate professor 副研究员associate research fellow 副主编associate managing editor,副总统（或大学副校长等）vice president ）副主席（或系副主任等）vice chairman 副总理 vice premier 副部长vice minister 副省长vice governor 副市长vice mayor 副领事vice consul 副校长（中小学）vice principal 行政职务的复职头衔与学术头衔的“副”职称往往用不同的词表达，最为常见的英语词是associate，例如：副教授associate professor 副研究员associate research fellow 副主编associate managing editor,副总统（或大学副校长等）vice president ）副主席（或系副主任等）vice chairman 副总理 vice premier 副部长vice minister 副省长vice governor 副市长vice mayor 副领事vice consul 副校长（中小学）vice principal 行政职务的复职头衔与学术头衔的“副”职称往往用不同的词表达，最为常见的英语词是associate，例如：副教授associate professor 副研究员associate research fellow 副主编associate managing editor,副总统（或大学副校长等）vice president ）副主席（或系副主任等）vice chairman 副总理 vice premier 副部长vice minister 副省长vice governor 副市长vice mayor 副领事vice consul 副校长（中小学）vice principal 行政职务的复职头衔与学术头衔的“副”职称往往用不同的词表达，最为常见的英语词是associate，例如：副教授associate professor 副研究员associate research fellow 副主编associate managing editor,副编审associate senior editor 副审判长associate judge 副研究馆员 associate research fellow of(e.g., library science)副译审 associate senior translator副主任医师associate senior doctor当然，有些英语职位头衔， 如，manager和headmaster 其副职头衔可冠以assistant, 例如：副总经理assistant/deputy general manager, assistant/ deputy managing director大堂副理（宾馆）assistant headmaster以director 表示职位的副职常以deputy director 表示. 此外，secretary,mayor, dean 等头衔的副职也可冠以deputy, 例如：,副秘书长deputy scretary-general 副书记 deputy secretary副市长deputy mayor 副院长 deputy dean学术头衔系列除了含有“正”、“副”级别的高级职称和中级职称外，还以初级职称如“ 助理“常用”assistant来表示，例如：助理教授assistant professor助理工程师 assistant research fellow助理编辑assistant editor助理官员assistant research fellow of (e.g., library science)助理教练assistant coach 助理农艺师assistant agronomist,还有一些行业职称头衔，其高级职称不用“正”或“副表示，而直接用“高级”来表示，我们可以用senior来称呼，例如：高级编辑senior editor高级工程师senior engineer高级记者senior reporter高级讲师senior lecturer高级教师senior teacher高级农艺师senior agronomist在一些行业的职称或职务系列中，最高级别的职位冠以“首席”一词，英语常用chief来表示。首席执行官chief executive officer(CEO)首席法官chief judge首席顾问chief advisor,首席检察官chief inspector/prosecutor首席仲裁员chief arbitrator首席监事chief supervisor首席播音员chief announcer/broadcaster首席代表chief representative首席记者chief correspondent除了用“总”、“高级”、“首席”等词语来表示一些机构或行业的最高级职务以外，还有一些高级职务则使用带“长”字的头衔，例如： 检察长procurator-general审判长presiding judge; chief judge;chief of judges护士长head nurse秘书长secretary-general 参谋长chief of staff,厨师长head cook,chef有些头衔含诸如“代理”“常务”“执行”“名誉”这类称谓语，例如代理市长，代理经理，代理主任常务理事，常务副校长执行主席，执行主任，执行秘书名誉校长，名誉会长一般来说，“代理”可译作acting,例如：代理市长acting mayor 代理总理acting premier 代理主任acting director “常务”可以managing表示，例如：常务理事managing director,常务副校长managing vice president（亦可译作first vice president）“执行”可译作executive,例如：执行主任executive director 执行秘书executive secretary 执行主席 executive chairman（也可译作presiding chairman）“名誉” 译为honorary,例如： 名誉校长honorary president/principal名誉主席/会长honorary chairman/president（也可用emeritus表示，如emeritus chairman/president）有些职称或职务带有“主任”、“主治”“特级”、“特派”、“特约”等头衔，英译不尽相同，例如：主任编辑associate senior editor,主任秘书chief secretary主任医师senior doctor 主任护师 senior nurse 主治医师attending/chief doctor; physician; consultant特级教师special-grade senior teacher 特派记者accredited correspondent 特派员/专员commissioner 特约编辑 contributing editor 特约记者special correspondent 许多职称、职务的头衔称谓其英语表达法难以归类，需要日积月累，逐步登陆在自己的称谓语料库中。以下所列举是其中的一部分：,办公室主任office manager（如“校长办公室主任”manager of presidents office）财务主任treasurer 车间主任workshop manager/director 编审senior editor 博导（博士生导师）doctoral student supervisor 研究生导师graduate student tutor 客座教授visiting professor 院士academician 译审senior translator 村长village head 领班captain;foreman;gaffer 经纪人broker 税务员tax collector,研究馆员research fellow of （如“图书馆研究馆员”research fellow of library science）股票交易员stock dealer红马夹(stock exchanger ) floor broker 业务经理service/business/operation manager 住院医生resident (doctor); registra国际大师international master注册会计师chartered/certified public accountant; registered/incorporated accountant 我国有一些常见的荣誉称号(honorary title)在许多英语国家没有对应的表达语，现列举部分英译供参考：标兵pacemaker 学习标兵student pacemaker; model student,劳动模范model worker模范教师model teacher 优秀教师excellent teacher 优秀员工outstanding employee; employee of the monthly/year青年标兵model youth/youth pacemaker 青年突击手youth shock worker 三好学生 “triple-A”outstanding student 三八妇女红旗手 “March 8th Red Banner” outstanding woman pacemaker,二、谚语口译Interpreting proverbs 谚语作为一种以简单通俗的语言来表达深刻道理的语句，常为人们所引用。在国际交往中，人们喜欢引用本国或外国的谚语。例如，美国前总统里根1984年4月访华时充满深情地说：since we arrived the graciousness with which we have been received has been heartwarming. A Chinese proverb best describes my feeling: “when the visitor arrives, it is as if returning home.” （宾至如归）。同年11月访华的挪威首相Willoch 在欢迎宴席上说到： Although I have tried to follow the developments in your country from afar,二、谚语口译,I am very conscious of the truth of the Chinese proverb “seeing is believing”. （眼见为实/百闻不如一见）。谚语的准确转译是口译人员必须面对的一道难题。好在许多谚语流传甚广，早已为我们所熟知。例如，英语谚语 A good beginning is half the battle/well begun is half done,.许多英语学习者多知道其含义及汉语译文，即“一个良好的开端是成功的一半”。恐怕不会有人将其译为“一个良好的开端是半场战斗”吧？因吃，许多谚语口译并非是一道不可逾越的障碍。议员一方面要驱除恐惧心理，另一方面要正视困难。事实上，世界各语种中有相当数量的谚语有着相似的语言形式和含义。,而且，千百年来各国之间或多或少的文化交流，往往会是一个民族的谚语跨越地理疆界，广为流传于其他民族。久而久之，这些生命力强盛的外来谚语有的竟然反宾为主，成了本族语中最富活力的语句。 谚语的口译大致可分为3种类型，第一种是“形同意合”的口译，第二种是“形似意合”，第三种是“形异意和”。下面分别介绍了这3种谚语英语和汉语两种语言中都有许多“形”同“意”合的谚语。例如，英语的A full into the pit, a gain in your wit.与汉语的“吃一堑，长一智”，其形其意都极为吻合。两种语言中存在着形意相合的谚语，这对译员来说，无疑是可喜可悲的。请看以下各例谚语的英汉对照，无论是选词还是表意，英汉语都极为相近：,Facts speak louder than words 事实胜于雄辩Money cant buy time 寸金难买寸光阴Failure is the mother of success 失败乃成功之母To teach is to learn 教学相长Like father,like son,有其父，必有其子Pride goes before a fall 骄者必败Fish in troubled waters 混水摸鱼Business is business 公事公办The style is the man 文如其人More haste,less speed 欲速则不达Great minds think alike 英雄所见略同Misfortunes never come alone 祸不单行Hedges have eyes ,walls have ears 隔离有眼，隔墙有耳,谚语,Man proposes,god disposes 谋势在人，成事在天Beauty is in the eye of the beholder 情人眼里出西施Time and tide wait for no man 时不我待/水月无情A young ildler,an old beggar 少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲Health is better than wealth 家有万贯财，不如一身健Out of office,out of danger 无官一身轻 In time of peace prepare for war 居安当思危The tongue cuts the throat 祸从口出/言多必失Out of sight,out of mind /Far from eye,far from heart 眼不见为净,All shall be well,Jack shall have Jill 有情人终成眷属Friend must part 聚散合离总有时/天下无不散的宴席。The remembrance of the past is the teacher of the future .前事不忘，后事之师/前车之覆，后车之鉴,Kill two birds with one stone 一箭双雕/一食双鸟Speak of the devil (and he will appear) 说到曹操。曹操到A new broom sweeps clean 新官上任三把火Beat the dog before the lion 杀鸡儆猴Let sleeping dogs lie 勿打草惊蛇Teach fish to swim 班门弄斧A word spoken is past recalling 一言既出，驷马难追,Once bitten ,twice shy 一朝被蛇咬，十年怕井绳 Birds of a feather flock together 物以类聚，人以群分 In for a penny,in for a pound 一不做，而不休 There is no smoke without fire 无风不起浪 Have a card up ones sleeve 胸有成竹His bark is worse than his bite 有口无心 Put the cart before the horse 本末倒置Fine feathers make fine birds 佛要金装，人要衣装As a man sows,so he shall reap 种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆 Much will have more 得寸进尺The sauce is better than the fish 喧宾夺主,He cries wine and sells vinegar 挂羊头，卖狗肉Good wine needs no bush 酒香不怕巷子深Every potter praises his pot 王婆卖瓜，自卖自夸The pupil outdoes the master 青出于蓝胜于蓝There are plenty of fish in the sea 天涯何处无芳草Diamond cut diamond 强中更有强中手He takes a spear to kill a fly 杀鸡用牛刀Gifts blind the eyes 拿了手短，吃了嘴软。Dont bite the hand that feeds you 不要恩将仇报。Dogs bite in every country 天下乌鸦一般黑。Peace on the forehead and war in the mind 口蜜腹剑。,Better an open enemy than a false friend 明枪易躲，暗箭难防。Do one thing under cover of another 明修栈道，暗渡陈仓。The spirit is willing ,but the flesh is weak心有余而力不足。Little strokes fell great oaks 滴水穿石/只要功夫深，铁杵磨成针。Judge not a book by its cover 人不可貌相，海水不可斗量。All roads lead to Rome/All rivers run into the sea 殊途同归。A straight foot is not a afraid of a cooked shoe.身正不怕影子斜。,A sparrow cannot understand the ambition of a swan 燕雀安知鸿鹄之志。The same knife cuts bread and fingers水能载舟，已能覆舟。It is better to die than to live when life is a disgrace/lizard than the tail of a lion 宁为鸡首，无为牛后。It is better to die than to live when life is a disgrace./better die with honor than live with shame. 宁为玉碎，不为瓦全。,A clear conscience is a sure card. 为人不做亏心事，半夜不怕鬼敲门。A bad conscience is a snake in ones heart. 做贼心虚。All your swans are geese. 事与愿违。Justice has long arms. 天网恢恢，疏而不漏。Late fruit keeps well. 大器晚成。Take things as they come. 既来之，则安之。 A hedge between keeps friendship green. 君子之交淡如水。Rest breeds rust.生命在于运动。Names are debts. 树大招风。Common fame is a liar. 盛名之下，其实难副。,Many kiss the baby for the nurses sake. 醉翁之意不在酒。Nothing venture, nothing have. 不入虎穴，焉得虎子。Do in Rome as the Romans do.入乡随俗。Things done cannot be undone.木已成舟，/覆水难收。True blue will never stain.真金不怕火炼。Everybodys business is nobodys business. 三个和尚没水喝。The moon is not seen when the sun shines. 小巫见大巫。Penny wise and pound foolish. 因小失大。,He knows most who speaks least./ still water runs deep. 大智若愚。As you make the bed, so you must lie in it.自食其果。The pot calls the kettle black.五十步笑百步。Short pleasure, long lament. 一失足成千古恨。Dont count the chicken before they are hatched. 请勿盲目乐观。What is done by night appears by day. 若要人不知，除非己莫为。Danger is next neighbor to security. 塞翁失马，安知非福？Misfortune might be a blessing in disguise. 祸兮福所倚，福兮祸所伏。,What we lose in hake we shall have in herring. 失之东隅，收之桑榆。Stick together through thick and thin. 有福同享，有祸同当。/患难与共，/风雨同舟。Save your breath to cool your porridge. 各人自扫门前雪，莫管他人瓦上霜。A watched pot never boils. 心急吃不了热豆腐。/有意栽花花不开，无心插柳柳成荫。A leopard cannot change its spots. /you cannot make a crab walk straight. 江山易改，本性难移。Dont trouble trouble until trouble troubles you. 顺其自然/随遇而安。/车到山前必有路。Accidents will happen./every tide has its ebb. 天有不测之风云，人有旦夕之祸福。,Even homer sometimes nods. /the best horse stubles. 智者千虑，必有一失。Rome was not built in a day. 冰冻三尺，非一日之寒。/修炼成仙，非一日之功。The shepherd would rather lose the wool than the sheep. 留着青山在，不怕没柴烧。A little leak will sink a great ship./ a stitch in time saves nine. 小洞不补，大洞吃苦。/亡羊补牢。,当然，掌握了以上3种谚语的翻译方法并不等于找到了一把可以翻译所有谚语的万能钥匙。有些谚语的翻译需要译员“转形解意”，而有些谚语的翻译宜“以不变应万变”，以保其“原汁原味”。例如：Silence is golden. 沉默是金。A rolling stone gathers no moss. 滚石不生苔。One swallow does not make a summer. 一燕不成夏。All is not gold that glitters. 闪闪发光物，并非皆金子。A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. 双鸟在林，不如一鸟在手。A bird is known by its note and a man by his talk. 闻蹄知鸟，闻言知人。,除了谚语之外，成语、习语、歇后语、词句等句的临场翻译也是译员颇感棘手的问题。以上所述的有关谚语的口译方法有“举一反三”之意。一般说来，译员在充分理解有关词语所含寓意的情况下，可采用意译或半意译的方法，只需将词语的意思传译过去即可。至于歇后语的口译，例如流传甚广的“泥菩萨过河自身难保”、“小葱拌豆腐一清二白“、“猪八戒照镜子-里外不是人”、“张飞穿针眼大眼瞪小眼”、“和尚打伞无发（发）无天”、“兔子尾巴长不了”等歇后语， 一般不必将歇后语的前后两部分无一遗漏地都译成英语，以免给英语听众带来困惑。口译时，原则上只需翻译歇后语所表达的主要意思，即歇后语中后半局的内容。,三、引语口译 经常为政府首脑、高级官员、文化人士、社会名流做口译的议员都有相同的体会，即这些人员在接待或访问时常常在演讲中引用些名家名言、经典诗句，以表达自己的感情、观点和立场，或赞颂对方国的文化传统。 例如， 1999年10月22时任中华人民共和国主席的江泽民在英国剑桥大学发表演讲时说道：“中国民族历来尊重人的尊严和价值。还在遥远的古代，我们的先人就已提出民为贵的思想，认为天生万物，唯人为贵（man is the most valuable among all the things that heaven fosters.）, 一切社会的发展和进步，都取决于人的发展和进步，取决于人的尊严的维护和价值的发挥。”,三、引语口译,江主席在结束讲话时引用了孔子的一句话：“中国两千五百五十年前诞生的杰出教育家、思想家孔子说过：逝者如斯夫！不舍昼夜。（the passage of time is just like the flow of water, which goes on day and night.）时光流逝不可逆转。”时任中华人民共和国国务院总理的朱镕基在1999年春访美时，在一次记者招待会上回答某个记者提出的有关“人权”问题时也引用了“民为贵，社稷次之，君为轻” (the people are the most important element in a state; next are the gods of land and grain; least is the ruler himself.)这句古话，以表明中国政府十分重视人权问题。,国务院总理温家宝在2004年6月28日举行的“和平共处五项原则创利50周年纪念大会”上作了精彩的演讲，温总理在谈到人类文明多样性时引用了中国古代思想家孔子的话：“万物并育而不相害，道并行而不相悖。”(all living creatures grow together without harming one another; ways run parallel without interfering with one another.)2005年6月26日温总理在第六届亚欧财长会议开幕式上讲话时说到：“中国有句古话：相知无远近，万里尚为邻。(distance cannot separate true friends who feel so close even when they are thousands of miles apart.) 中国与亚洲各国山水相连，共同铸就了灿烂的亚洲文明；古老而美丽的丝绸之路，谱写了中欧千年往来的美好篇章。”,又如，美国前总统里根1984年4月访华时在欢迎宴席上引用了易经中的一句话，他说道：And as a saying from The Book of Changes goes, “if two people are of the same mind, their sharpness can cut through metal.”（二人同心，其利断金。）再如，美国前总统克林顿1998年6月下旬访华是在人民大会堂的国宴上致辞时引用了孟子的一句话，他说道： In so many different ways, we are upholding the teachings of Mencius, who said: “a good citizen in one community will befriend the other citizens of the community; a good citizen of the world will befriend the other citizens of the world.”（一乡之善士斯有一乡之善士，天下之善士斯有天下之善士。）,安危相易，祸福相生，缓急相争，聚散相承Safety and danger alternate with each other .Misfortune and fortune generate each other.Slowness and promptness follow each other .Gathering and scattering complement each other 饱而知人之饥，温而知人之寒，逸而知人之劳 When full,remember someone else is suffering hunger;when warm,remember someone else is suffering cold;when in ease,remember someone else is suffering fatigue,彼求之而后得，为之而后成，积之而后高，尽之而后圣。故圣人也者，人之所积也。Man seeks before gains,toils before succeeds,accumulates before increases,and exhausts his efforts before he becomes a sage .Thus ,a sage grows out of ac