自动化技术-------英文翻译.docx

Automationtechnologyistherapiddevelopmentofmodern,widelyused,oneofthemosteye-catchinghigh-teach,itispromotinganewtechnologicalrevolutionandanewindustrialrevolutioninthecoretechnology.Withoutautomationisusedtoreplaceequipmentorsystemshavecompletedsomeproductiontasks,orasubstituteachievecertainprocess,orasubstitutefortheregulation.Strictlyspeaking,automationmeansintheabsenceofdirectparticipation,equipmentorproductionmanagementprocessthroughautomaticdetection,informationprocessing,analysisandjudgeautomaticallyachievethedesiredoperationoraprocess.AutomaticControlSystemisacertainfunctions,taskstobecompletedsomecontrolsystems.Automaticcontrolsystemandthecompositionofthehumanbodyandtheprincipleofthecompositionandworkofalotofsimilarities:automaticcontrolsysteminthesensoryorganofthehumansensor,equivalenttothebrainandnervoussystemcontroldevices,butalsoequivalenttothehands,legsandmusclesoftheexecutivebody.Sensorsusedtodetectcommandinformation,publicinformation,aswellaschangesinthestatusinformationoftheobject,anditstransformationintoelectricalsignaltransmissioncontroldevice.Controldeviceiscalculatedwiththecurrentstatusofobjects(knownaschargedof,orsystemsoutput)withthehopethatthestate(knownastheinputsignal)poor,andinaccordancewiththisdeviation(knownastheerrorsignal)accordingtocertainlawsofthecontrolsignal,andthenamplified,gaveoperatorsimplementingagencies.Operationchargedwithimplementingagenciestodrivetargetedcampaigns,untilitreachedthedesiredstateofthestate.Thattheoutputofthesystemorsomeothersystemofcontrolledvariablesandtheinputforcomparison,acontrolknownasclosed-loopcontrolorfeedbackcontrolSincethe1960stheUnitedStateslaunchedprogrammablelogiccontroller(ProgrammableLogicController,PLC)toreplacetraditionalrelaycontroldevice,thePLChavedevelopedrapidly,throughouttheworldandinawiderangeofapplications.Atthesametime,thePLCfunctioncontinuouslyimproved.Withcomputertechnology,signalprocessingtechnology,controltechnologynetworktechnologyandthecontinuousdevelopmentofthecontinuousimprovementofuserneeds,PLCintheprocessingofswitchingonthebasisofanincreaseofanalogprocessingandmotioncontrolfunctions.TodayisnolongerconfinedtothePLClogiccontrol,motioncontrol,processcontrol,andotherfieldshavealsoplayedaveryimportantrole.Discretecontrolofthesystemasthepreferredproduct,PLCinthe20thcentury,the1980sand1990shavedevelopedrapidly,theworldwideannualgrowthrateofPLCmaintaina20%to30%.WithfactoryautomationandthecontinuousimprovementofthecapacityPLCmarketbasecontinuestoexpand,PLCintheindustrializedcountriesinrecentyearsthegrowthhasbeenslowing.However,inChinaandotherdevelopingcountriesPLCincreasesveryrapidly.Comprehensiveinformation,in2004theglobalPLCsalesofabout10billionUSdollarsinthefieldofautomationoccupyaveryimportantposition.PLCistouchedbytheoriginalimitationrelaycontroltheorydevelopmentofthe20thCentury,the1970sonlyswitchofthePLClogiccontrol,thefirstapplicationoftheautomobilemanufacturingindustry.Withtheimplementationofstoragelogical,sequentialcontrol,timing,countingandcomputing,suchasoperatinginstructions,anddigitalinputandoutputoperations,tocontrolalltypesofmachineryandproductionprocess.Usersofthecontrolproceduresoftheproductionprocesstechnologyrequirements,andadvanceintothePLCuserprogrammemory.Runningonthestorageproceduresfortheimplementationofthecontentsonebyone,tocompletetheprocessrequirementsoftheoperation.PLCCPUwiththeproceduresstepinstructionsstoredprogramcounteraddressintherunningprocess,everystepintheimplementationofanautomaticcounter,proceduresfromtheinitialstep(Stepnumberzero),followedbytheimplementationofthefinalstep(usualIyENDdirective),andthenreturnedtotheinitialstepcycleoperation.PLCcompletedacycleofeveryoperationknownasthetimerequiredforascancycle.DifferentmodelsofthePLC,scanningcycletocycleinamicrosecondbetweendozensofmicroseconds.PLCprogrammingbyladderdiagram,inthelogicofthebalance,theadvantagesofrapidperformance,inorderofmicroseconds,1KSolutionLogicProgramminglessthan1ms.Itisalltheinputastodealwiththevolumeswitch,16(also32)forasimulatedvolume.Anotherlarge-scaleuseofPLCCPUtocompletethesimulationoftheoperation.TheresultspresentedtothePLCcontrollerThesame1/0pointssystem,withPLCthanDCS,andthecostshouldbelower(approximately40%toaboutProvince).PLCdonothaveadedicatedoperatorstation,whichusedthesoftwareandhardwarearegeneric,somaintenancecostismuchlowerthantheDCS.PLCcontrollercanreceivethousandsofI/0points(uptomorethan8,0001/0).Iftheaccusedwasmainlytargetedatthechainofequipment,circuitrarelyusedPLCmoresuitable.PLCasauniversalmonitoringsoftware,inthedesignofthemanagementinformationsystemstoeasier.Overthepast10years,withthePLCandlowerpricesforusersdemandcontinuestoexpand,moreandmoresmallandmedium-sizedequipmentbegantousePLCcontrol,PLCapplicationinChinaisgrowingquiterapidly.WithChina'Srapideconomicdevelopmentandinfrastructureconstantlyimprovethelevelofautomation,foraperiodoftimewithinthePLCinChinawillcontinuetomaintainhigh-speedgrowthmomentum.GMPLCcanbeusedinspecializedequipmentthatitisanembeddedcontroller,PLCrelativetotheaverageembeddedcontrollerandthehigherreliabilityandbetterstability.Practicalworkintheoriginalencountersomeusersuseembeddedcontroller,nowbeingusedgenericPLCPLCreplaceorcustomembeddedcontrollers.AutomaticControl(automaticcontrol)isthatintheabsenceofdirectparticipationinthecircumstances,theuseofadditionalequipmentordevices,machinery,equipmentorproductionprocessofaworkingstateorparametersautomaticallyinaccordancewiththelawscheduledtorun.Controlisrelativeintermsoftheconceptofcontrol.Notreferringtotheparticipationofthepeopleunderthecontroldevicewiththeobjectorprocessautomaticallyaccordingtothelawsofoperation.Automaticcontroltechnologytothestudyofhumanbeingsfromthecomplex,dangerousandtediousworkenvironmenttoliberatecontrolandgreatlyimproveefficiency.Controlisabranchofscienceandengineering.Itinvolvestheuseofdynamicfeedbackontheprincipleoftheautomaticsystem,inordertomaketheoutputvalueofclosetothevaluewewant.Fromamethodologicalperspective,it'Samathematicalsystembasedonthetheory.Today,wecalledtheAutomaticControlofthemiddleofthe20thcenturyisthecontroltheory,abranch.IsthebasisoftheconclusionsNorbertWiener,theRudolfKalman.Forexample:theindoortemperatureregulationindoortemperatureregulationisasimpleeasy-to-understandexamples.Purposeistotheindoortemperaturemaintainedatafixedvalueof,despitethefenestrationandotherfactorsmakedistributedheatfromindooroutdoor(interferenced).Inordertoachievethisobjective,heatingmustbeproperimpact.Throughthevalveregulatingthetemperaturewillremainconstant.Inaddition,afeelingofthepeoplebeforetemperaturehotwatertemperaturewillbesubjecttointerferencefromtheoutsideworld.Furtherexamplesoftheremainingthreeoildrumssystem.Developmentsinthefieldofprocesscontrolmorethan150yearsago,thefirstgenerationofprocesscontrolsystemisbasedonthe5-13pneumaticsignalstandards(PCSpneumaticcontrolsystem,PneumaticControlSystem).Simplelocalmodeofoperation,controltheoryhasinitiallytakenshape,yettheconceptofacontrolroom.Second-generationprocesscontrolsystem(analogorACS,AnalogControlSystem)isbasedonthe0-10mor4-20mAcurrentanalogsignal,theobviousprogressinthefull25yearsfirmlyincontroloftheentireruleareas.Itcharacterizedthearrivaloftheeraofelectricalcontrol.Withmajordevelopmentincontroltheory,controltheory,theestablishmentofthethreelaythefoundationofthemoderncontrol;thecontrolroomsetup,controlfunctionsofseparationmodelhasbeeninuseeversince.Third-generationprocesscontrolsystem(CCS,ComputerControlSystem).70begantheapplicationofdigitalcomputers,producedahugesuperiorityintechnology,peopleinthemeasurement,modellingandcontroloftheareafirsttouselogic,resultinginathird-generationprocesscontrolsystem(CCS,ComputerControlSystem).Thiswasknownasthethird-generationprocesscontrolsystemisarevolutioninthefieldofautomaticcontrol,andgivefullplaytotheirsuperiorityinthecomputer,sopeoplegenerallybelievethatthecomputercandoeverything,naturallyproducedcalledofcentralcontrolcomputersystemneedstobepointedoutisthatthesignaltransmissionsystemisstillinusemostofthe4-20mAanalogsignal,butwasfoundNotlongafterthat,withfocusandcontrolofthereliabilityoftheissue,alsofocusedonthedangerofoutofcontrol,withaslighttotheentiresystemwillbeparalyzed.Therefore,itwillsoonbedevelopedintodistributedcontrolsystem(DCS).Fourth-generationprocesscontrolsystems(DCS,DistributedControlSystemDistributedControlSystem):Withtherapidsemiconductormanufacturingtechnologydevelopment,thewidespreaduseofmicroprocessors,thereliabilityofcomputertechnologyinasubstantialincreaseinthecurrentwidespreaduseoftheFourthandprocesscontrolsystems(DCS,ordistributeddigitalcontrolsystem),whichisthemaincharacteristicsofthecontrolsystemisnolongermerelyacomputer,butsomecomputersandsomesmartinstrumentationandcomponentsconstituteasmartcontrolsystem.Sodecentralizedcontrolhasbecomethemaincharacteristics.Anotherimportantexceptionisthedevelopmentofsignaltransmissionbetweenthemisnotonlydependentontheanalogsignals420mA,andgraduallytoreplacethedigitalsignaltoanalogsignal.Fifth-generationprocesscontrolsystem(FCS,ControlSystemcontrolsystem):FCSisdevelopedfromtheDCS,asfromthedevelopmentofDCSfromtheCCS,aqualitativeleap,totheDatatransmissionusingtheapproach.ButFCSDCSandtherealdifferencebetweentheFCShaveabroaderspacefordevelopment.Applicationcontrolisautomatedinstrumentationorautomaticcontroldeviceautomaticallyreplacepeopleontheproductionequipmentorindustrialprocesscontrol,sothattheywillreachthedesiredstateorperformanceindicators.Ofthetraditionalindustrialprocessesusingautomationtechnologycaneffectivelyimprovethequalityoftheproductandtheeconomicefficiencyofenterprises.Someofthetoughestenvironmentsforthecontroloperation,automaticcontrolisparticularlyimportant.Controltheoryandthedevelopmentofhumansocietyiscloselylinkedtoascience,automationisthecoreofscience.Sincethe19thcenturywithMaxwellgovernorofthesteamenginesystemoflinearordinarydifferentialequationsdescribingandstabilityanalysissincetheearly20thcenturyafterBode,Harris,Evans,Nicholsandothersoftheoutstandingcontribution,andfinallyformedclassicfeedbackcontroltheorybased,inthe1950smature.Classicalcontroltheoryonthecharacteristicsofthetransferfunctionforthemathematicaltoolusedfrequency-domainmethods,mainlyonthesingle-input-single-outputquot;1ineartime-invariantcontrolsystemsanalysisanddesign,buttherearesomelimitationsthatthemulti-Input-Multi-outputsystem.Shouldnotuseclassicalcontroltheory,inparticularthenonlinear,time-varyingsystemsispowerless.With40inthemid-20thcenturytheemergenceofcomputerandthecontinuousexpansionofapplicationfields,andpromotetheautomaticcontroltheoryinthemorecomplexandmoreinthedirectionoftight,especiallyinKalman'scontrollabilityandtheconceptthemaximumvalueonthebasisoftheory,inthe20thcentury,the1950sand1960sthathaveappearedinstate-spaceanalysis(linearalgebra)isthebasisofmoderncontroltheory.Moderncontroltheoryisessentiallyatime-domainmethod,theveryextensiveresearch,includingthreebasicelements:multivariablelinearsystemstheory,theoptimalcontroltheoryandoptimalestimationandsystemidentificationtheory.Moderncontroltheorytheoreticallysolvethesystemcontrollability,stability,aswellasmanycomplexsystemscontrolissues.However,asmodernscienceandtechnologyisdevelopingrapidly,theincreasingscaleproductionsystems,theformationofcomplexlarge-scalesystems,leadingtoacontrolobject,thecontrollerandcontroltasksandobjectivesoftheincreasinglycomplex,resultingintheresultsofmoderncontroltheoryrarelybeenappliedinpractice.Classicalcontroltheory,intheapplicationofmoderncontroltheoryencounteredalotofproblems,theirimpactonthepracticalapplicationofitsthreemainreasons:thesecontrolsystemdesignandanalysisarebasedonprecisemathematicalmodelonthebasisof,andpracticalsystembecauseofuncertainty,incompleteandvague,time-dependent,nonlinear,andotherfactorsgenerallydifficulttoobtainprecisemathematicalmodel;studythesesystems,peoplemustmaketheassumptionthatsomeofthemoreharsh,andtheseAssumingthattheactualapplicationareofteninconsistent;Inordertoimprovecontrolperformance,theentirecontrolsystemhasbecomeextremelycomplex,whichnotonlyincreasedtheinvestmentinequipment,butalsolowersthereliabilityofthesystem.Therefore,theautomaticcontrolworkershasbeenseekingnewoutlets,theyconsider:Cannotfullycontrolthemaintargetsforresearch,andforresearchtothemaincontroller?Can20inthemid-1950sandtherapiddevelopmentofartificialintelligencebythelogicofreasoning,heuristicknowledge,theexpertsystemtosolvedifficulttobuildaprecisemathematicalmodelofcontrol?ControlTheoryisthethirdgenerationintelligentcontroltheoryisagainstthisbackdropthattheproposed,itisartificialintelligenceandcontrolofthecross-productofthecontemporaryscientificwaytocontrolone.Theso-calledautomation(Automation),referstomachineordeviceintheabsenceofinterventioninaccordancewiththeregulationsundertheproceduresorinstructionsforautomaticoperationoroperation.Broadlyspeaking,automationalsoincludesanalogorreproductionofintelIigenceactivities.Widelyusedinindustrialautomationtechnologyagriculturalresearchmilitarytransportcommercialmedicalservicesandfamily,andsoon.Theuseofautomationtechnologycannotonlyfromtheheavymanualpartofthementalwork,aswellastheriskofadverseliberationoftheworkingenvironment,butalsotheexpansionoforganfunction,whichhavegreatlyincreasedlaborproductivity,andenhancehumanunderstandingoftheworldandtheabilitytotransformtheworld.Therefore,industrialautomationagriculturalmodernizationofnationaldefenseandscienceandtechnologyandanimportantconditionforsignificantsigns.Developmentprofilesin1946,theUnitedStatesFordmechanicalengineerDSfirsttoandusedtodescribetheenginecylinderautomatictransmissionandprocessingoftheprocess(seeautomationtechnologyhistory).Inthe1950s,andtheautomaticadjustmentforthedevelopmentofclassicalcontroltheorytoautomateaccesstoasingle-variableautomaticcontrolsystemconsistingmainlyofpartialautomationstage.Inthe1960s,withtheemergenceofmoderncontroltheoryandpromotetheuseofelectroniccalculators,automaticcontrolandinformationprocessingcombinetoautomateaccesstotheproductionprocesscontrolandoptimalmanagementofintegratedautomationstage.Inthe1970s,large-scaleautomatedobjectsintocomplexsystemsengineeringandnon-engineeringprojects,manyinvolvinguseofmoderncontroltheorytosolvetheproblems.Researchontheseissues,andpromotethetheoryautomationmethodsandmeansofinnovation,therewaslarge-scalesystemsandsystemcontroloftheintelligentcontrolofcomplexsystems,therehasbeencomprehensiveutilizationofICTcalculatorsystemsengineeringandartificialintelligence,suchastheoutcomeoftheHighautomationsystems,suchasflexiblemanufacturingsystemintelligentrobotofficeautomationexpertsystemdecisionsupportsystemcalculatorintegratedmanufacturingsystems.Automationisamoredisciplinesinvolvedinawiderangeofintegratedapplicationofscienceandtechnology.Itsresearchmainautomationandinformationprocessingtwoaspects,includingtheoreticalmethodshardwareandsoftware,fromtheapplicationpointofview,onthecontentsofprocessautomationmachinerymanufacturingautomationmanagementautomationlaboratoryautomationandhomeautomationetc.ProcessAutomationpetroleumrefiningandchemicalindustriesinthechemicalp