切削加工新概念-----外文翻译.docx

英文部分ThenewconceptofcuttingprocessingThenowadayscuttingtoolcompanycannotonlybeagainthemanufactureandthesalescuttingtool,inordertosucceed,theymustbeconsistentwiththeglobalizationmanufacturetendencymaintenance,throughenhancestheefficiency,cooperateswiththecustomerreducesthecost.ApproachestheinstantaneousglobalcompetitionafterthisafterNAFTA,theWTOtime,theworldcompanyismakingquicklytothesamefeeling,islighter,acheaperresponse.Inotherwords,theymaketheproductandthecomponentscontaincaninhighspeedunderrevolve,asaresultofthecostpressure,best,islightermoreovermustmakecheaply.Obtainsthesegoalsabestwayisthroughdevelopsandappliesthenewmaterial,buttheseisnewandtheimprovementmaterialusuallyallwithdifficultyprocesses.Ininthiskindofcommercialpowerandthetechnicaldifficultycombinationisespeciallyprominentintheautomobileandtheaviationindustry,andhasbecomehastheexperiencethecuttingtoolcompanytoresearchanddevelopthedepartmentthemostimportantdrivinginfluence.Forexample,takesthemodularcastirontosaythat,ithasbecometheenginepartandotherautomobiles,theagriculturethematerialwhichseedaybydaywiththeequipmentandinthemachinetoolindustrycomponents.Thiskindofalloyprovidesthelowproductioncostandthegoodmachinecapabilitycombination.Theyarecheaperthanthesteelproducts,buthasahigherintensityandtoughnesscomparedtothecastiron.Butatthesametimethemodularcastironisextremelywear-resisting,hasfastbreaksbyrubbingthecuttingtoolmaterialthetendency.Inthiswearresistantverygreatdegreebeadluminousbodycontentinfluence.Someknownmodularcastironbeadluminousbodycontenthigher,itsresistancetowearbetter,moreoveritsmachinabilityisworse.Moreover,themodularcastironporositycausesoffandontocut,thisevenmorereducesthelife.Mayestimatethat,thehighdegreeofhardnessandthehighwear-resistingcuttingmaterialqualitymustconsiderthemodularcastironthehighresistancetowear.AndthematerialqualitycontainsextremelyhardTiCinfact(carbonizedtitanium)orTiCN(carbontitaniumnitrides)thickcoatingwhencuttingspeedeachminute300metersprocessesthemodularcastirontoproveusuallyiseffective.Butalongwithcuttingspeedincrease,scrap/Thecuttingtooljunctionplanetemperaturealsoisincreasing.Whenhassuchsituation,theTiCcoatingfavorsinhasthechemicalreactionwiththeironandsoftens,morepressuresfunctioninanti-crescentmoonhollowattritioncoating.Undertheseconditions,hopedhasonechemicalstabilitybettercoating,likeA12O3(althoughunderlowspeedwasinferiortoTiChardoriswear-resisting).Thechemicalstabilitybecomesanimportantperformanceperformancedividinglinecomparedtotheresistancetowearthefactor,thespeedandthetemperatureisdecidedinisprocessedthemodularcastironthecrystalgrainstructureandtheperformance.ButusuallythickcoatingofTiCNandTiCoronlyductileironoxidesinthesoilcoatingisappliedto,becausethetodaymajorityofthiskindsareprocessedthematerialthecuttingspeedineachminute150to335metersbetween.Ishigherthaneachminute300meterapplicationsregardingthespeed,thepeopletothiskindofmaterialaresatisfied.Inordertocausethisscopeperformancetobemostsuperior,themountainhighresearchedanddevelopedandhaspromotedinviewofmodularcastironprocessingmaterialqualityTX150.Thiskindofmaterialqualityhashardalsotheanti-distortionsubstrate,isveryidealregardingtheprocessingmodularcastiron.Itscoatingtheoxidecompoundcoatingwhichhollowlywearsbythickverywear-resistingcarbontitaniumnitridesandathinanti-crescentmoon,thetopisthinlayerTiN.ThiskindofcoatingwhichneedsthecenterwarmchemistrygasphasedepositionusingthestateoftheartproductionresistancetowearandtheanticrescentmoonhollowattritionwhichtheCVDcoatingcompletedegreeofhardnessmoreoverthetoughsmoothnessincreases(MTCVD)thecraft.SubstrateZThecoatingcombinationperformancegivestheveryhighanti-plasticdeformationandthecuttingedgemicrocollapsestheability,causesittobecomeunderthenormalspeedtoprocessthemodularcastirontheidealmaterialquality.Thecoatingceramicsalsodisplaycaneffectivelyprocessthemodularcastiron.Inthepast,thealuminumoxideceramicsapplicationwhichnotthecoatingtoughgoodsuchasnitridingsiliconandthesiliconcarbidetextilefiberstrengthenedtheworkpiecematerialchemistryparalysislimit.Todaybutcouldresistthescrapdistortionprocessthroughtheusetohavethehighthermalcoatingcuttingtoollifealreadyremarkablytoincrease.Butcertainearlythisdomainsworkpieceprocessingusealuminumoxidesspreadthelayercrystalstohavetostrengthentheceramics,todaymostresearchconcentrateintheTiNcoatingnitridingsilicon.Thiskindofcoatingcanremarkablyopenupthetoughgoodceramicstheapplicationscope.Whenmachining,theworkpiecehasprocessedthesurfaceisdependsuponthecuttingtoolandtheworkpiecemakestherelativemotiontoobtain.Accordingtothesurfacemethodofformation,themachiningmaydivideintotheknifepointpathlaw,theformedcuttingtoollaw,thegeneratingprocessthreekinds.Theknifepointpathlawisdependsupontheknifepointtobeoppositeintheworkpiecesurfacepath,obtainsthesuperficialgeometryshapewhichtheworkpiecerequests,liketheturningouterannulus,theshapingplane,thegrindingouterannulus,withtheprofileturningformingsurfaceandsoon,theknifepointpatharedecidedthecuttingtoolandtheworkpiecerelativemotionwhichprovidesintheenginebed;Theformedcuttingtoollawabbreviationforming,iswiththeformedcuttingtoolwhichmatcheswiththeworkpiecefinalsuperficialoutline,ortheformedgrindingwheelandsoonprocessestheformedsurface,likeformedturning,formedmillingandformgrindingandsoon,becauseformsthecuttingtoolthemanufacturequitetobedifficult,thereforeonlyusesinprocessingtheshortformedsurfacegenerally;Thegeneratingprocessnamerollscutsmethod,iswhentheprocessingthecuttingtoolandtheworkpiecedounfoldthemovementrelatively,thecuttingtoolandtheworkpiececentrodemakethepuretrundlemutually,betweenbothmaintainsthedefinitetransmissionratiorelations,obtainstheprocessingsurfaceistheknifeedgeinthiskindofmovementenvelope,inthegearprocessingrollsthetooth,thegearshaping,theshaving,thetophorizontaljadepiecetoothandrubsthetoothandsoontobethegeneratingprocessprocessing.Somemachininghasatthesametimetheknifepointpathlawandtheformedcuttingtoolmethodcharacteristic,likethreadturning.Themachiningqualitymainlyisreferstotheworkpiecetheprocessingprecisionandthesurfacequality(includingsurfaceroughness,residualstressandsuperficialhardening).Alongwiththetechnicalprogress,themachiningqualityenhancesunceasingly.The18thcenturylaterperiods,themachiningprecisioncountsbythemillimeter;Atthebeginningof20thcentury,machiningprecisionGaoYida0.01millimeter;Tothe50,s,themachiningprecisionhasreachedamicronlevel;The70's,themachiningprecisionenhancesto0.1micron.Theinfluencemachiningqualityprimaryfactorhasaspectsandsoonenginebed,cuttingtool,jig,workpiecesemifinishedmaterials,techniqueandprocessingenvironment.Mustimprovethemachiningquality,musttakethesuitablemeasuretotheabovevariousaspects,likereducestheenginebedworkerror,selectsthecuttingtoolcorrectly,improvesthesemifinishedmaterialsquality,thereasonablearrangementcraft,theimprovementenvironmentalconditionandsoon.Enhancesthecuttingspecificationstoenhancethematerialexcisionrate,isenhancesthemachiningefficiencytheessentialway.Thecommonlyusedhighlyeffectivemachiningmethodhasthehigh-speedcutting,theforcecutting,theplasmaarcheatingcutsandvibratesthecuttingandsoon.Thegrindingspeediscalledthehigh-speedgrindingin45meters/secondabovecuttings.Usesthehigh-speedcutting(orgrinding)bothmayenhancetheefficiency,andmayreducethesurfaceroughness.Thehigh-speedcutting(orgrinding)requeststheenginebedtohavethehighspeed,thehighrigidity,thehighefficiencyandthevibration-proofgoodcraftsystem;Requeststhecuttingtooltohavethereasonablegeometryparameterandtheconveniencetightway,butalsomustconsiderthesafereliablechipbreakingmethod.Theforcecuttingreferstotheroughingfeedorcutsthedeepmachininggreatly,usesintheturningandthegrindinggenerally.Theforceturningmaincharacteristicisthelathetoolbesidesthemaincuttingedge,butalsosomeisparallelintheworkpiecehasprocessedsuperficialthevice-cuttingedgesimultaneouslytoparticipateinthecutting,thereforemayenhancetofeedquantitycomparedtothegeneralturningseveraltimesofevenseveraltimes.Compareswiththehigh-speedcutting,theforcecuttingcuttingtemperatureislow,thecuttingtoollifeislong,thecuttingefficiencyishigh;Theshortcomingisprocessesthesurfacetoberough.Whenforcecutting,theradialdirectioncuttingforcedeathofaparentisnotsuitablefortoprocessthetallandslenderworkpieceverymuch.Thevibrationcuttingisalongthecuttingtooldirectionoffeed,theattachmentlowfrequencyorthehighfrequencyvibrationmachining,mayenhancethecuttingefficiency.Thelowfrequencyvibrationcuttinghastheverygoodchipbreakingeffect,butdoesnotusethechipbreakingequipment,makestheknifeedgeintensitytoincrease,timethecuttingtotalpowerdissipationcomparedtohasthechipbreakinginstallmentordinarycuttingtoreduceabout40%.Thehighfrequencyvibrationcuttingalsocalledtheultrasonicwavevibrationcutting,ishelpfulinreducesbetweenthecuttingtoolandtheworkpiecefriction,reducesthecuttingtemperature,reducesthecuttingtoolthecoherenceattrition,thustheenhancementcuttingefficiencyandtheprocessingsurfacequality,thecuttingtoollifemayenhance40%approximately.Tolumber,plastic,rubber,glass,marble,graniteandsoonnonmetallicmaterialmachining,althoughissimilarwiththemetalmaterialcutting,butusesthecuttingtool,theequipmentandthecuttingspecificationsandsoonhasthecharacteristicrespectively.Thelumberproductmachiningmainlycarriesineachkindofjoiner'sbench,itsmethodmainlyhas:Thesawcuts,digscuts,theturning,themilling,drillstruncateswiththepolishingandsoon.Theplasticrigidityisworsethanthemetal,theeasybendingstrain,thethermoplasticthermalconductivitytobeinparticularbad,easytoelevatetemperaturetheconditioning.Whencuttingplastic,suitablywiththehigh-speedsteelorthehardalloytools,selectsthesmalltofeedquantityandthehighcuttingspeed,andusescompressedaircooling.lfthecuttingtoolissharp,theangleisappropriate,mayproducethebelt-shapedscrap,easytocarryoffthequantityofheat.Glass(includingsemiconductingmaterialandsoongermanium,silicon)butdegreeofhardnesshighbrittlenessisbig.Tomethodsandsoonglassmachiningcommonlyusedcutting,drillhole,attritionandpolishing.Tothicknessinthreemillimetersfollowingglassplates,thesimplecuttingmethodiswiththediamondorotherhardmaterials,inglasssurfacemanualscoring,theusescratchplacestressconcentration,thenusesthehandtobreakoff.Tothemarble,thegraniteandtheconcreteandsoonthehardmaterialprocessing,mainlyusesmethodsandsooncutting,turning,drillhole,shaping,attritionandpolishing.Whencuttingtheavailablecircularsawbladeaddsthegrindingcompoundandthewater;Theouterannulusandtheendsurfacemayusethenegativerakethehardalloylathetool,by10-30meter/minutecuttingspeedturning;Drillsaholetheavailablehardalloydrillbit;Thebigstonematerialplaneavailablehardalloyplaningtoolorrollscutsplaningtoolshaping;Theprecisesmoothsurface,availablethreemutuallyforthedatumtothemethodwhichgrinds,orthegrindingandthepolishingmethodobtains.CuttingtoolinhotstrongalloyapplicationTheaviationprocessingalsochangesrapidly.Forexample,nickelbaseheat-resistingalloylikeseveralyearsagothemostpeoplehadnotheardRene88nowoccupiestotheaircraftenginemanufactureusesthetotalmetalquantity1025%.Hasverygoodshowingandthecommercialreasonregardingthis.Forexample,theseheatstrongalloywillbeabletoincreasetheengineendurancemoreovertopermitthesmallengineworkonthebigairplane,thatwillenhancethecombustionefficiencyandreducestheoperationcost.Thesetoughgoodmaterialsalsopresenttheexpenseonthecuttingtool.Theirthermalstabilitycausesontheknifepointthetemperaturetobehigher,thusreducedthecuttingtoollife.Similarly,inthesealloycarbidepelletremarkablyincreasedthefriction,thusreducesthecuttingtoollife.Asaresultofchangesintheseconditions,canbeverypleasedtohaveprocessedmanytitaniumalloysandnickel-basedalloymaterialsC-2hardmetalalloys,intheapplicationtotoday'scuttingedgeofbladetothecrushingandcuttingdepthofthetrenchlinesbadlyworn.Butusingthelatesthigh-temperatureprocessingofsmallparticleshardmetalalloystobeeffective,cutlerylifeimproved,butmoreimportantlytoenhancethereliabilityofapplicationsinhigh-temperaturealloys.Smallparticleshardmetalthantraditionalhardmetalmaterialshighercompressionstrengthandhardness,onlyasmallincreaseintheresilienceofthecost.Andresultedinhightemperaturealloyprocessingthantraditionalhardmetalresistancecommonfailuremodemoreeffective.PVD(physicalgasphasedeposition)coatingalsobycertificateeffectiveprocessingheat-resistingalloy.TiN(titaniumnitrides)thePVDcoatingwasusesandstillwasmostearlymostreceiveswelcome.Recently,TiAlN(nitrogencalorizationtitanium)andTiCN(carbontitaniumnitrides)thecoatingalsocouldverygooduse.InthepasttheTiAlNcoatingapplicationscopeandTiNcomparedthelimittobemore.Butafterthecuttingspeedenhancesthemisaverygoodchoice,enhancestheproductivityintheseapplicationstoreach40%.Ontheotherhand,isdecidedunderthelowcuttingspeedincoatingsuperficialoperatingmodeTiAlNcancausetoaccumulatethefilingslumpafterwards,microcollapseswiththetrenchattrition.Recently,usedintheheat-resistingalloyapplicationmaterialqualityalreadydeveloping,thesecoatingbutbecamebyseveralcombinations.Themassivelaboratoriesandthescenetesthasalreadyproventhiskindofcombinationandotheranykindofsolecoatingcomparesintimetheverywidescopeapplicationisveryeffective.Thereforeaimsattheheat-resistingalloyapplicationthePVDcompoundcoatingpossiblytobecomethefocalpointwhichthehardalloynewmaterialqualityresearchanddevelopmentcontinues.WiththeMTCVDcoating,thecoatingceramicsgatherinthesameplace,theyhopefullybecomeamoreeffectiveprocessingtoresearchanddevelopnewlyaremoredifficulttoprocesstheworkpiecematerialthemainimpactstrength.DryprocessingIncludingtherefrigerantquestionistechnicalandthecommercialexpansionindustrialproductiontendencyanotherdomainwhichthecuttingtoolmakes.NorthAmericaandtheEuropeanstrictrefrigerantmanagementrequestandthebiggestthreeautomobilemanufacturerforcesthemthecoresuppliertoobtaintheISO14000authentication(theIS09000environmentmanagementedition),thiscausestherefrigerantprocessingcostrise.Tothecarcompanyandtheircoresuppliersaidobviouslyoneofresponseswhichwelcomeisinthespecificprocessingapplicationavoidscompletelytherefrigeranttheuse.Thiskinddidtheprocessingthenewworldtoproposeaseriesofchallengesforthecuttingtoolsupplier.Recently,alreadyappearedsometoconcernthistopictopromulgatethespeed,toenterfor,thecoatingchemicalcompositionandotherparametersverysubstantialcomprehensivenatureverystrongusefultechnicalpapers.Wantstoconcentratetheelaborationinhereme"doestheprocessingviewpoint"intheoperationandcommercialmeaningautomobilemanufacturernew.Themetalworkingjobholderscantheverygoodunderstandingrelatedrefrigerantusequestion,butmajoritycannotunderstandconcernsexceptthetechnicalchallenge(forexamplerowoffilings)besidedoestheprocessingquestioninthecuttingtool-workpiececontactfacebetween.Usuallymayobservetotherefrigerantdisperserscrapwhichflowsout,butthepressuresurpasses3,000pounds/Aninch2highspeedrefrigerantalsocanhelptobreakthefilings,speciallysoftalsothecontinualscrapcancauseinthecuttingtool-workpiececontactfacetrouble.Usesdoesthecuttingcraftthecomponentsresultistheenginebedusesthewettypeprocessingcomponentstobehotterthan.Whetherbeforeyoudoallowthemtosurveyintheopen-airnaturalcooling?Ifproce