托福阅读指代题题型特点介绍.doc

托福阅读指代题题型特点介绍 托福阅读指代题是考生在做题时常会遇到的一种题型，这种题型往往会对一个段落考后的某个代词进行提问，询问你这个代词指代的对象是什么。今天给大家带来了托福阅读指代题题型特点及解题方法汇总精讲，希望能够帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。托福阅读指代题题型特点介绍1)选择代词找寻它所指代的具体内容;2)能否分析代词与其先行词之间的照应关系;3)被指代的内容通常出现在代词之前;4)选项单词或短语都*于*，很具有干扰性。5)提问方式：The word X in the passage refers to代词主要分为人称代词、指示代词、关系代词、其他代词。人称代词：主格 he,she,it,they宾格 him,her,it,them所有格 his,her,its,their指示代词：this,that,these,those关系代词：who，whom，which，whose其他代词：one，other，another，all，none，both托福阅读指代题解题方法分享1)分析原句2)看选项3)代入原句检验(检验标准：是否数格一致)是否数一致：The energy content of food is stored in the chemical bonds that link its atoms and molecules.这句话中的代词 its 指代的一定是单数名词 food ，不可能是 chemical bonds 。是否符合原意Pent-up aggressive impulses demand outlets. They may be expressed toward parents in indirect ways such as destroying furniture, or they may be expressed toward strangers later in life.这句话中的代词 They 指代的内容应该是前面一句话的某个名词或名词短语，那么 They 指代的是 Pent-up aggressive impulses 还是 outlets 呢?根据句子的意思， 它们可能会以直接的方式对父母表达出来 ，显然只有 impulses 才会被表达出来， outlets 是不会被表达出来的，因此代词 They 指代的是 Pent-up aggressive impulses 而不是 outlets 。托福阅读指代类题型5个解题要点思路分析1. 见到代词找指代，指代通常在前方这句话是代词指代题的总则，考生务必牢记：代词永远出现在原词之后，原词永远出现在代词之前。根据这条原则考生可以快速排除选项中出现在代词之后的词汇,锁定正确答案。2. 主代主，宾代宾，所有格，就近找代词指代的语法规则非常严格，因此考生要优先考虑代词在句中充当的成分：主语、宾语、还是所有格代词，然后在前句中快速寻找对应的语法成分就可以轻松解题。仅依靠这条规律就可以解决大部分代词指代类题目，例如：When small fish venture too close to the tentacles of these "living flowers", they are stung and eaten.题目中代词“they”在主句中充当主语成分，考生迅速定位前方从句中的主语“small fish”，题目就迎刃而解。又例如所有格代词(你的、我的、他的等等)通常指代前文中最靠近该代词的核心名词：Florists often refrigerate cut flowers to protect their fresh appearance.题目中的所有格代词“their”之前有两个名词“florists”和“flowers”，语法基础薄弱的考生要花些时间才能弄清楚所谓“他(它)们的”究竟是谁们的?事实上根据“就近原则”，在距离代词最近的地方找到符合句中语意的核心名词，就可以锁定答案。而上述句中距离“their”最近的名词时“flowers”，因此正确答案就是它。3. 平行结构有搭配，多重指代层层推所谓平行结构实质就是分层次描述，阅读部分经常出现“not only., but also.”，“one., the other.”，“some., others.”等固定搭配对两层或多层语意进行描写，通过对这种常见结构的把握，考生就可以快速锁定答案。例如：Many adults, poor and disillusioned with farm life, were lured to the cities by promises of steady employment, regular paychecks, increased access to goods and services, and expanded social opportunities. Others were pushed there when new technologies made their labor cheap or expendable.虽然上述语句语法结构和语意都较为复杂，但不难看出题目中“many people., others.”是固定搭配，因此“others”做为代词所指代的名词必定是前文中的“many people”，正确答案应为“adults”。此外，为了增加难度，对于代词指代的考察也经常在定位方面设置障碍，既通过一层推理很难锁定目标词汇。因此考生需要多一点耐心和多一份细心，在前文内容中层层回溯，逐一定位，抽丝剥茧，最终必然能够顺利解题。例如：The principal difference between urban growth in Europe and in the North American colonies was the slow evolution of cities in the former and their rapid growth in the latter. In Europe they grew over a period of centuries form town economies to their present urban structures. In North America, they started as wilderness communities and developed to mature urbanism in little more than a century.本题看似复杂，其实通过层层倒推，锁定目标词“cities”并不十分困难。4. 单数复数都对应，主动被动要分清代词指代题中有一些常见陷阱，例如同时出现大量名词，有单数、有复数、有可数名词、也有不可数名词，让考生雾里看花;或是将前文中的主动句改写成后文的被动句，颠三倒四，让考生头晕脑胀。po解这种陷阱的手法其实很简单，无论怎样变化，代词指代总有一定之规，例如：In the past, biologists considered mushrooms and other fungi as a type of non-free plant. Today, however, they are most commonly regarded as a separate kingdom of living things.本题中就不宜直接使用前文提到的“主语带主语”原则。代词出现的语句是被动句，因此“they”不再指代前文主语，而是指代前文中的宾语。那么“they”指代“mushrooms and other fungi”还是“non-free plant”呢?考生不必感动彷徨无助，口诀中已经明确指出，代词的单复数必然与原词单复数一致，因此正确答案只能是“mushrooms and other fungi”。5. 定位排除和代入，验证语意要记牢总而言之，代词指代题的解题步骤清晰明了：第一步定位文中代词，用上述方法搜索原词;第二步分析选项，排除位置和语意不符的词汇;第三步带入原句中简单翻译，进行验证。托福考试阅读材料专题训练【Introduction】根据一份今在英国医学杂志刊出的报告指出，母乳虽然含有丰富营养，但长期吃母奶无助於降低幼儿罹患气喘和过敏症状风险。【Section One】ArticleThe benefits of breast-feeding are many and varied. Studies suggest that breast-fed kids are smarter, taller, thinner, healthier and less stressed than babies on bottles. Plus, breast-feeding helps moms bond with their babies and may even lower their blood pressure. So, is there anything breast milk cant do? Apparently, yes, according to a new study published Tuesday by BMJ Online: It doesnt offer infants much defense against asthma or allergies.Thats a question researchers have long debated. Until now, the evidence has been mixed: Some studies have suggested that exclusive, prolonged breast-feeding helps stave off asthma and allergies later in life; other studies have shown no protection, or even an increased risk. But most of the available data has come from observational studies. The new BMJ paper, in contrast, was a large, long-term randomized trial that involved more than 17,000 breast-feeding women and babies, 13,889 of whom were tracked until age 6 1/2. Researchers recruited the moms in maternity hospitals and clinics in Belarus. About half of them those who had already begun breast-feeding were encouraged to continue breast-feeding exclusively; the control group got no such extra urging.Researchers report that women in the intervention group breast-fed significantly longer than women in the control group: at three months, 73% of the intervention group was breast-feeding, compared with 60% of the control group, and the number of women breast-feeding exclusively was seven times higher. By a year after birth, rates of breast-feeding had dropped across the board; but still, 20% of the intervention group was breast-feeding versus 11% of the controls.In general, about 10% of the children had ever suffered wheezing in their lives, though less than 1.5% had had full-blown asthma. Roughly 3% to 5% had had hay fever, and about 1% had suffered bouts of eczema. Researchers also performed skin-prick tests on the children; again, there was no significant difference between incidence of allergy to dust mites, cats, pollen, grass and Alternaria, a common fungus between the groups. In the breast-fed group, about 9% were allergic to pollen and Alternaria, 12% to cats and grass and 15% to dust mites. Absolute rates of all allergies were slightly lower in the control group, but the variations werent statistically relevant.The BMJ study is "to our knowledge. the largest randomized trial ever done in the area of human lactation," write the studys authors. But its not likely to be the last. Science will continue to debate the discrete pros and cons of breast-feeding, but doctors unanimously agree that breast, in general, is best for babies health, growth and development. Mothers should breast-feed newborns for at least 12 months and exclusively for at least 6 months according to American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines.【Section Two】Vocabularylimiting or limited to possession, control, or use by a single individual or groupextend the duration of.to fend off, to ward offenlist (someone) in the armed forces.the period during pregnancy and shortly after childbirthaction taken to improve a medical disorder.so as to include or affect all classes or categoriesto maintain contact with (a person) so as to monitor the effects of earlier activities or treatmentsa set of printed questions, usually with a choice of answers, devised for a survey or statistical study.10. wheezebreathe with a whistling or rattling sound in the chest, as a result of obstruction in the air passages. (of a device) make an irregular rattling or spluttering sound.possessing or exhibiting all the usual or necessary features or symptoms12. bouta short period of intense activity.13. eczemaa medical condition in which patches of skin become rough and inflamed with blisters which cause itching and bleeding.14. prickpress briefly or puncture with a sharp point.15. mitea minute arachnid with four pairs of legs, several kinds of which are parasitic.16. pollena powdery substance discharged from the male part of a flower, each microscopic grain containing a male gamete that can fertilize the female ovule.is a genus of ascomycete fungi. Alternaria species are known as major plant pathogens. They are also common allergens in humans, growing indoors and causing hay fever or hypersensitivity reactions that sometimes lead to asthma. They readily cause opportunistic infections in immunocompromised people such as AIDS patients.18. fungusany of a large group of spore-producing organisms which feed on organic matter and include moulds, yeast, mushrooms, and toadstools.a disadvantage of or argument against something.fully in agreement.a branch of medicine dealing with the development, care, and diseases of childrenthe secretion of milk by the mammary glands.an acute allergic reaction to pollen that is usually seasonal and is marked by sneezing, nasal discharge and congestion, and itching and watering of the eyes【Section Three】Homework1. Please translate the blue sentence into Chinese.When the infants were about 6 1/2 years old, researchers followed up with standard questionnaires about asthma, hay fever and eczema. Rates of each condition were similar in both groups.2. What is the main idear of this Article?3. What is the main reason that the author is confident with the conclusion of the study?4. Which word is the "best" synonym of "recruit" here ?A. recover B. renovate C. refresh D. draft E. enroll5. Which kinds of allergies are described in the article?参考答案：1. 当小婴儿六岁半时，研究员以一致的问卷来追踪哮喘、花粉病和湿疹。两组各项过敏的比例都很接近。2. Although breast-feeding has many advantages, it doesnt offer infants much defense against asthma or allergies.3. The conclusion is drawn from the largest randomized trial ever done in the area of human lactation.4. E5. asthma, hay fever and eczema