初中英语从句专题.doc

宾语从句Object Clause定义在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句.宾语从句分为三类:动词的宾语从句,介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句. 时态： 1.主句用一般现在时，从句可用任意时态。 2.主句用过去时，从句用过去*个时态。 3.主句用过去时，从句是真理时，只用一般现在时。1、 宾语从句的连接词 1、附属连词连接宾语从句的附属连词主要有that,if,whether. that引导表示述句的宾语从句,而if和whether引导表示"是否的宾语从句. He told me that he would go to the college the ne*t year 他告诉我他下一年上大学. I dont know if there will be a bus any more. 我不知道是否还会有公交车. Nobody knew whether he could pass the e*am. 没人知道他是否会通过考试. 2、连接代词连接代词主要有who, whom ,whose ,what ,whoever ,whomever ,whosever, whatever, whichever等. 连接代词一般指疑问,但what, whatever除了指疑问外,也可以指述. Do you know who has won Red Alert game" 你知道谁赢了这一局红警游戏吗" I dont know whom you should depend on. 我不知道你该依靠谁. The book will show you what the best CEOs know. 这本书会告诉你最好的执行总裁该了解些什么. Have you determined whichever you should buy,a Motorola or Nokia cell phone" 你决定好是买诺基亚还是摩托罗拉的了吗" 3、连接副词连接副词主要有when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever,however等. He didnt tell me when we should meet again. 他没有告诉我什么时候我们能再见面. Could you please tell me how you read the new panel" 你能告诉我怎么用这个新的操作盘吗" None of us knows where these new parts can be bought. 没有人知道这些的新的零件能在哪里买到. 2、 动词的宾语从句1、大多数动词都可以带宾语从句 We all e*pect that they will win , for members of their team are stronger. 我们都预料他们会赢,因为他们的队员更强壮. He told us that they would help us though the whole work. 他告诉我们在整个工作中,他都会帮助的. 局部"动词+副词构造也可以带宾语从句 I have found out that all the tickets for the concert have been sold out. 我发现这场音乐会的所有票都卖光了. Can you work out how much we will spend during the trip" 你能计算出这次旅行我们将花费多少钱吗" 2、动词短语也可以带宾语从句常见的这些词有: make sure确保 make up ones mind下决心 keep in mind牢记 Make sure that there are no mistakes in your papers before you turn them in. 在上交试卷前确保没有任何错误. 3、可运用形式宾语it代替的宾语从句动词find,feel,consider,make,believe等后面有宾语补足语的时候,则需要用it做形式宾语而将that宾语从句后置. I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day . 我认为每天多喝开水是有必要的. I feel it a pity that I havent been to the get-together. 我没去聚会,感觉非常遗憾. I have made it a rule that I keep diaries. 我每天写日记成了习惯. We all find it important that we (should) make a quick decision about this mater. 我们都认为对这件事马上做出决定很重要. 有些动词带宾语从句时需要在宾语与从句前加it 这类动词主要有:hate, take , owe, have, see to. I hate it when they with their mouths full of food. 我讨厌他们满嘴食物时说话. He will have it that our plan is really practical. 他会认为我们的方案确实可行. We take it that you will agree with us. 我们认为你会同意我们的. When you start the engine, you must see to it that car is in neutral. 开启发动机时, 一定要使汽车的离合器处于空挡位置. 假设宾语从句是wh-类,则不可用it代替 We all consider what you said to be unbelievable. 我们都认为你所说的是不可信的. We discovered what we had learned to be valuable. 我们发现我们所学到的东西都是有用的. 三、介词的宾语从句1、用wh-类的介词宾语从句 We are talking about whether we admit students into our club. 我们正在讨论是否让学生参加我们的俱乐部. The new book is about how Shenzhou 6 manned spaceship was sent up into space. 这本新书是关于神州6号载人航天飞船是如何升如太空的. 2、用that,if引导的介词宾语从句有时候e*cept,but,besides三个介词后可见到that引导的宾语从句 I know nothing about my new neighbor e*cept that he used to work with a pany. 对于我的新邻居我只知道他曾在一家公司上班,其他一无所知. 4、 形容词的宾语从句常用来引导宾语从句的形容词有: sure,certain,glad,please,happy,sorry,afraid,satisfied,surprised I am sure I will pass the e*am. 我确信我会通过考试. I am sorry that I have troubled you so long. 很抱歉我这么长时间在打搅你. He is glad that Li Ming went to see him when he was ill. 他很快乐在他生病的时候明能去看望他. 五、if,whether在宾语从句中的区别 if和whether在作"是否解时,引导宾语从句常放在动词know,ask,care,wonder,find out等之后,介词后一般不用if 少数动词,如:leave,put,discuss,doubt后的宾语从句常用whether. whether后可以加or not,但是if不可以. 在不定式前只能用whether. 如：I cant decide whether to stay. 我不能决定是否留下。防止歧异时,我们常用whether而不用if. 六、哪些宾语从句不可以省略引导词that 1、当宾语从句共有两个并列的从句：一省二不省 I realized (that)Im in charge and that everybody accepts my leadership. 2、it 作形式宾语时,that 引导的宾语从句中的that不能省略. Wethoughtitstrangethat*iaoWangdidnoteyesterday.3、that引导的宾语从句放在e*cept ,but 等介词后面的时候,that不能省略.Heisagoodstudente*ceptthatheisalittlecareless. 4、宾语从句有状语从句I am talking about that whether he will call us as soon as he arrives here.七、宾语从句的否认转移 1、主句的谓语动词是think,believe,imagine,suppose,consider,espect,fancy,guess等,并且主句的主语是第一人称而且为一般现在时,从句的否认词一般要转移到主句上来,其反义疑问句一般与宾语从句一致. I dont think he will e to my party.而不能说成I think he wont e to my party. 我认为他不会来我的舞会. I dont believe that man is killed by Jim,is he" 我认为那个人不是Jim所杀的,是不是" 2、如果宾语从句中有*个含有否认意义的形容词或副词,其反义疑问句要用肯定形式. We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully,does he" 我们发现他从来不仔细听教师讲课,是不是" 八、宾语从句的时态和语序 1、当主句为现在时或将来时,宾语从句的时态一般不受主句的时态所影响. 2、当主句为过去时从句用一般过去时或过去进展时表示与主句谓语动词动作同时发生 I only knew he was studying in a western country,but I didnt know what country he was in. 我只知道他当时在西方的一个读书,可不知道是哪个. He asked me if I was reading the story The Old Man and the Sea when he was in. 他问我他进来的时候我是否正在读<<老人与海>>. 从句过去完成时表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之前He told me that he had told Mary about the meeting already. 他告诉我他已经把有关会议的事情告诉的了Mary. 从句谓语用过去将来时表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之后 The reporter asked if the government would take necessary measures to put down the to-do. 记者问政府是否会采取必要的措施镇压骚乱. 3、如果从句是一个客观真理,则从句的时态不根据主句的时态而变化 The teacher said that the moon goes around the earth yesterday. 教师昨天说月亮绕着地球转. 4、当宾语从句的引导词是who,which,what,when,where,how,why等表疑问时,不能按正常语序安排,经常将这类引导词置于句首 Who do you think the public might choose as their favorite singer this year" 你认为今年公众会选谁为他们最喜欢的歌手. 九、注意 1、宾语从句必须用述语序。 False: He is wondering when can he finish this difficult job. Right: He is wondering when he can finish this difficult job. 2、有时候可以用it 作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语从句放在后面。 Bad: I thought that he could finish this job in just two hours impossible. Good: I thought it impossible that he could finish this job in just two hours. Bad: He left whether we should continue this project to my judgment. Good: He left it to my judgment whether we should continue this project. 3、带有宾语从句的复合句的否认形式一般是否认主句。Bad: I think he doesnt like the English teacher. Good: I dont think he likes the English teacher. 4、主句一般过去时态，从句也要用过去时态；具体细节请看第一局部。 False: He wanted to know why he is crying in the corner. Right: He wanted to know why he was crying in the corner. 定语从句1、 定义：1、定语从句Attributive Clauses在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，有时也可以修饰局部或整个句子。2、 被修饰的名词，词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词关系代词或关系副词引出。关系代词有：who,whom,whose,that,which,as。关系副词有：when,where,why,how。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间，起连接作用，同时又可做定语从句的一个成分。当关系代词做宾语时可以省略。定语从句中的谓语动词必须在人称上和数量上和先行词保持一致。定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。二、定语从句中关系代词的省略1、省略关系代词最典型的情形就是当关系代词在定语从句中用作宾语的时候。在定语从句中能够用作宾语的关系代词有that,which,who,whom。如：Those books(that)you lent me were very useful.你借给我的那些书很有用。句中的(that)you lent me为修饰those books的定语从句，引导定语从句的关系代词that在定语从句中用作动词lent的宾语，故可以省略。I wore the necklace(which)my mother had left me.我戴着我妈留给我的项链。句中的(which)my mother had left me为修饰the necklace的定语从句，引导定语从句的关系代词which在定语从句中用作动词left的宾语，故可以省略。Do you still remember the boy(who,whom)I was going out with"你还记得那个跟我约会的小伙子吗" 句中的(who,whom)I was going out with为修饰the boy的定语从句，引导定语从句的关系代词who/whom在定语从句中用作句尾介词with的宾语，故可以省略。注意：我们说的关系代词的省略只限于限制性定语从句，在非限制性定语从句中，即使关系代词用作宾语也不能省略。2、另外，当关系代词直接用作介词后作宾语时，此时也不能省略。如：I wanted to find someone with whom I could discuss books and music.我想找到一个可以和我谈书和音乐的人。此句中的关系代词which虽然也是用作宾语，但不能省略，因为它是直接跟在介词with后面作宾语。但是，如果将此句改写一下，将介词with置于句末，则可以将关系代词whom省略。如：I wanted to find someone(whom)I could discuss books and music with.我想找到一个可以和我谈书和音乐的人。三、引导定语从句的主要关系代词1.that的用法that是所有关系代词中最常用的，它既可指人也可指物，既可用作主语也可用作宾语。如：This is the photo(that)I took.这就是我拍的照片。引导定语从句的关系代词that在此指事，且在定语从句中用作宾语，故可以省略。They live in a house that was built 200 years ago.他们住在一座两百年前盖的房子里。引导定语从句的关系代词that在此指物，且在定语从句中用作主语，故不可以省略。 The man that I saw told me to e here.我见到的人让我到这里来。引导定语从句的关系代词that在此指人，且在定语从句中用作宾语，故可以省略。2.who/whom的用法关系代词who和whom均只能指人，不能指物；从理论上说，who是主格，在定语从句中用作主语；whom是宾格，在定语从句中用作宾语。I met someone who said he knew you.我碰到一个人，他说认识你。引导定语从句的关系代词who在此指人，且在定语从句中用作主语，故不可以省略。 She is the girl(who,whom)you saw in school.她就是你在学校见到的那个女孩。关系代词在定语从句中用作宾语，从理论上说应用whom，但也可以用who；由于是用作主语，所以它们也可以省略。注意，如果关系代词是直接用作介词后作宾语，不可以用who来代替whom。如： The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin.我和她谈话的那个姑娘是我表妹。句中的whom直接用在介词to的后面作宾语，故不可省略。3.whose的用法不要以为关系代词whose只用于指人，其实它也可以用于指事物；whose在定语从句中主要用作定语。如：He is the man whose car was stolen.他就是汽车被窃的人。It was an island whose name I have forgotten.这是一座岛，名字我忘了。第一句中的关系代词whose指人，第二句中的关系代词whose指物。4、 引导定语从句的主要关系副词1.when的用法关系副词when在定语从句中用作状语，表示时间，用以修饰表示时间的先行词；在许多情况下可以理解为"介词+which的意思(which的意思与先行词所表示的意思等价)，其中的"介词通常应根据先行词的含与搭配来确定。如：1988 was the year when he was born.1988是他的出生年。句中的when he was born为修饰the year的定语从句，关系副词when在此相当于in which。表示在*一年，英语习惯上用介词in，如in 1988,in 2021等，所以此处用in which。Ill never forget the day when I first met you.我永远不会忘记第一次见你的那天。句中的when I first met you为修饰the day的定语从句，关系副词when在此相当于on which。表示在*一天，英语习惯上用介词on，如on that day,on Friday等，所以此处用on which。Dont forget the time when the wedding will start.不要忘记婚礼开场的时间。句中的when the wedding will start为修饰the time的定语从句，关系副词when在此相当于at which。表示在*一时刻，英语习惯上用介词at，如at that time,at the moment等，所以此处用at which。2. where的用法关系副词where在定语从句中也是用作状语，表示地点，用以修饰表示地点的先行词；在许多情况下也可以理解为"介词+which的意思(which的意思与先行词所表示的意思等价)，其中的"介词通常应根据先行词的含与搭配来确定。如：What is the name of the town where you live"你住的那个城市叫什么名字" 句中的where you live为修饰the town的定语从句，关系副词where在此相当于in which。表示在住在*城市，英语习惯上说明live in a city，所以此处用at which。This cross marks the spot where she died.这个十字符号标明她死去的地点。句中的where she died为修饰the spot的定语从句，关系副词where在此相当于at which。表示在在*一地点，英语习惯上说明at a spot，所以此处用at which。3.why的用法关系副词why在定语从句中也是用作状语，表示原因；why引导定语从句时，其先行词只有一个，那就是the reason；在许多情况下why也可以理解为for which。如：These are the reasons why we do it.这些就是我们这样做的理由。句中的why we do it为修饰the reason的定语从句，关系副词why在此相当于for which。Do you know the reason why she doesnt like me"你知道她不喜欢我的原因吗" 句中的why she doesnt like me为修饰the reason的定语从句，关系副词why在此相当于for which。why是一个比较特殊的关系副词，它引导定语从句时，除可换成for which外，有时也可换成that，甚至省略。如：他失去工作的主要原因是他喝酒。正：The main reason why he lost his job was that he drank. 正：The main reason for which he lost his job was that he drank. 正：The main reason that he lost his job was that he drank. 正：The main reason he lost his job was that he drank五、限制性和非限制性定语从句根据从句与主句的关系是否严密来区分，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两大类。所谓限制性定语从句，它的作用是对先行词起修饰、限制或确定的作用，假设去掉，先行词的意思就不明确，它是不可缺少的一局部，它与先行词的关系密不可分，不可用逗号将其分开。而非限制性定语从句的作用则只是对先行词起补充说明作用，它是可有可无的，与先行词关系松散，通常用逗号将其分开。因此，有无逗号通常是区分限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的重要标志。1、 从所使用的关系词来看，在限制性定语从句中，that可以代替who,whom和which等，但在非限制性定语从句中不能用that。如：He changed his mind,which made me very angry.他改变了主意，这使我很生气。句中的which引导非限制性定语从句，不可换成that。Then he met Mary,who invited him to a party.后来他遇到玛丽，玛丽邀请他去参加晚会。句中的who引导非限制性定语从句，不可换成that。2、另外，关系副词when和where既可引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句；但关系副词why则只能引导限制性定语从句，不能引导非限制性定语从句。Well put off the piic until ne*t week,when the weather may be better.我们将把野餐推迟到下星期，那时天气可能会好一点。Barbary was working in Aubury,where she went daily in a bus.巴巴拉在奥伯里工作，每天得坐公共汽车去上班。以上两句中的关系副词when和where均引导非限制性定语从句。六、关系代词还是关系副词一般说来，领先行词是表示时间的名词时，其后要用关系副词when来引导定语从句；先行词是表示地点的名词时，其后要用关系副词where来引导定语从句。但这只是一般情况，有时会有特殊情况噢！不信你看看下面的句子：Dont forget the time that Ive told you.不要忘记我告诉你的时间。This is the house that he bought yesterday.这就是他昨天买的那座房子。这两句均含有定语从句，它们所修饰的先行词分别为the time和the house，分别为表示时间和地点的名词，但为什么后面接的是关系代词that，而不是关系副词when和where呢.要弄清这个问题，我们先来回忆一下关系代词和关系副词的用法。前面我们讲到，关系代词具有代词的功能，在定语从句中可用作主语或宾语等；而关系副词则具有副词的功能，它们在定语从句中只能用作状语。所以，当我们要判断一个时间或地点名词后是用关系词that还是关系副词when和where时，我们首先要明确关系词在定语从句是用作什么成分用作主语或宾语，则用关系代词；用作状语，则用关系副词。现在我们再来分析一下上面的两个句子：在Dont forget the time that Ive told you中，定语从句that Ive told you之所以要用that来引导，是因为从句中的动词told缺宾语，tell在此所用的句型是tell sb sth，所以定语从句要用关系代词引导。在This is the house that he bought yesterday中，定语从句that he bought yesterday之所以也要用that来引导，同时是因为从句中的动词bought缺宾语，所以定语从句也要用关系代词引导确定用关系代词还是用关系副词的简便方法是：看定语从句中是否缺少主语或宾语，假设缺，用关系代词；假设不缺，用关系副词。还有一种方法能区分是用关系代词还是关系副词：分析时主要从动词的及物性或有无介词来考虑。看如下比照例句：This is the factory where my father once worked.这是我父亲曾工作过的工厂。worked是不及物动词，不接宾语，所以不用which/that。where相当于in the factoryThis is the factory which/that my father once worked in.worked in的宾语是factory，故用关系代词which/thatI will never forget the days which/that I spent in the wood near our village.我忘不了我在我村边小树林里度过的日子。the days是spent的宾语I will never forget the days when I spent my holidays with my grandparents.我忘不了我和我的祖父母一起度假的日子。spent的宾语是holidays，不是the daysI will never forget the small village where I spent my holidays.我忘不了我度假的小村庄。与上句一样，spent的宾语是my holidaysIs this the school which/that you visited the other day"这是你几天前参观过的学校吗.the school作visited的宾语Is this the school where you visited your teacher the other day"这是你几天前拜访你教师的学校吗.visited在定语从句中有自己的宾语your teacher，所以不用that/which七、【要点难点】1、that和which的用法区别只用that的情况：先行词由最高级修饰时，如the best work that I can do。先行词由序数词修饰时，如the second book that I bought。先行词由the last,the only,the same,the very等修饰时。先行词是不定代词all,anything,everything,little,much,nobody,nothing等时，如anything that he does;all that I can do now等。先行词有any,no,all等限定词时，如all the words that Ive learned。先行词为词组，该词组既含人又含物时，如the city and the people that I visited。只用which的情况：在非限定性定语从句中定语从句前有逗号。介词后。请看that和which的使用例句：Its the best film thats ever been made on the subject of madness.这是以精神病为题材而拍摄的影片中最好的一段。Shakespeare is the greatest poet that England has ever had.莎士比亚是英国最伟大的诗人。本句中先行词虽是人，但由于前面也有形容词最高级修饰，仍用that较好Take the first opportunity that offers.抓住第一个出现的时机。He is the last person that one would suspect.人们最不可能疑心他。Man is the only creature that is gifted with speech.只有人类具有语言的天赋。A fool sees not the same tree that a wise man sees.一个傻瓜看到的树和一个聪明人看到的树不一样。Those were the very words that he said at the meeting.这些就是他在会上说的原话。All that glitters is not gold.闪光的并不都是金子。Anything that you have to say had better be said in each others presence.有话最好当面说。Theres still much that is to be done.仍然有很多事要做。I have changed my mind.Nothing that you say will change it.我已经改变了主意，无论你说什么也无法改变它。Nobody that was there could convince her of her mistake.这那儿没有一个人能使她明白她的错误。Every paper that you read gives the same story.你看的每份报纸都报道同样的新闻。I still cant forget the places and the people that I visited during last summer vacation.我仍然难以忘怀去年暑假我见到的地方和人。2、as,which引导非限定性定语从句的差异由as,which引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。As we know,smoking is harmful to one's health. The sun heats the earth,which is very important to us. as可引导非限制性从句，常带有"正如的意思。As is know,smoking is harmful to one's health. 用法区别：as引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。 As we all know,he never smokes. as代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；假设为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which。非限定性定语从句中出现e*pect,think,suppose等表示猜测、想象、预料等时。 She succeeded in her doing the research work,as we e*pected. As的用法the sameas;suchas中的as是一种固定构造,和一样。 I should like to use the same tool as is used here. We should have such a dictionary as h